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Slide 1 - PowerPoint® Presentation by Jim Foley Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing © 2013 Worth Publishers
Slide 2 - Module 32: Stress and Illness
Slide 3 - Topics that hopefully won’t become stressors Stress: a process of perceiving and responding to stressors Stressors: Catastrophes Life Changes Daily Hassles The stress response system: General Adaptation Syndrome Stress and Susceptibility to Disease: Psychoneuro-immunology Stress and Illness Stress in relation to AIDS, cancer, and heart disease Personality Factors and stress: Type A, pessimism
Slide 4 - Health Psychology Emotions, as well as personality, attitudes, behaviors, and responses to stress, can have an impact on our overall health. Health psychology studies these impacts, as part of the broader field of behavioral medicine. Topics of study in health psychology include: the phases of stress response and adaptation how stress and health are affected by appraisal of stressors severity of stressors personality types perceived control emotion or problem focus optimism social support exercise relaxation religious faith and participation
Slide 5 - Stress: A Focus of Health Psychology Many people report being affected by “stress.” Some terms psychologists use to talk about stress: a stressor is an event or condition which we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming. Examples include poverty, an explosion, a psychology test, feeling cold, being in a plane, and loud noises. appraisal refers to deciding whether to view something as a stressor. stress reaction refers to any emotional and physical responses to the stressor such as rapid heartbeat, elevated cortisol levels, and crying. Stress refers to the process of appraising and responding to events which we consider threatening or challenging.
Slide 6 - Clarifying the Components of Stress Stress isn’t something that happens to you; it’s a process in which you participate. The process includes the stressor (event or condition), cognitive appraisal, body response, and coping strategies. The advantage of breaking “stress” into these components is that we can see options for altering each of these different factors. What could this person do to reduce his level of suffering from stress?
Slide 7 - Appraisal:Choosing How to View a Situation Questions to ask yourself when facing a possible stressor: Is this a challenge, and will I tackle it? Is it overwhelming, and will I give up? There are few conditions* that are inherently and universally stressful; we can often choose our appraisal and our responses. *extreme, chronic physical threats or challenges (such as noise or starvation)
Slide 8 - Beneficial and Harmful Stress Effects A brief experience of stress can be beneficial: improving immune system response motivating action focusing priorities feeling engaged, energized, and satisfied providing challenges that encourage growth, knowledge, and self-esteem Extreme or prolonged stress, causes problems: mental and physical coping systems become overwhelmed and defeated rather than strengthened immune functioning and other health factors decline because of damage The key factor is whether there is a chance for recovery and healing.
Slide 9 - Stressors There may be a spectrum of levels of intensity and persistence of stressors. We can also see stressors as falling into one of four* categories: catastrophes. significant life changes. chronic daily hassles. low social status/power. Stressors refer to the events and conditions that trigger our stress response, because they are perceived/ appraised as overwhelmingly challenging, threatening, and/or harmful. *the text focuses on the first three.
Slide 10 - Catastrophic Events/Conditions Appraisal is not essential in a catastrophic event. Most people agree that the event is harmful and overwhelming. Examples include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, war/combat, and wildfires. It can be one single event or chronic harmful conditions. Short-term effects include increased heart attacks on the day of the event. Long term effects include depression, nightmares, anxiety, and flashbacks. Bonding: both the trauma and the recovery are shared with others.
Slide 11 - Even supposedly “happy” life changes, such as marriage, starting college or a new job, or the birth or adoption of a child, can bring increased challenge and stress. Change is often challenging. New roles, new priorities, and new tasks can put a strain on our coping resources. The challenge, and the negative impact on health, increases when: the changes are painful, such as a death in family, loss of job, or heart attack. the changes are in a cluster, and there are too many at once. Major Life Events/Changes
Slide 12 - Chronic Daily Difficulties Daily difficulties can be caused by facing too many tasks, too little time, and too little control. Daily difficulties can be caused by the lack of social power and freedom: being bullied living in poverty living under oppressive political conditions
Slide 13 - When encountering a sudden trauma or other stressor, our body acts to increase our resistance to threat and harm. The Body’s Stress Response System Phase 1: The “fight or flight” sympathetic nervous system responds, reducing pain and increasing the heart rate. The core of the adrenal glands produces norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline). This system, identified by Walter Cannon (1871-1945), gives us energy to act. Phase 3: Exhaustion. Phase 2: The brain sends signals to the outer part of the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other stress hormones. These focus us on planning adaptive coping strategies and resisting defeat by the stressor. Hans Selye (1907-1982) indentified this extended “resistance” phase of the stress response, followed by:
Slide 14 - General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS](Identified by Hans Selye):Our stress response system defends, then fatigues.
Slide 15 - Effects of Prolonged Stress The General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] works well for single exposures to stress. Repeated and prolonged stress, with too much Phase 3 time, leads to various signs of physical deterioration and premature aging: the production of new neurons declines neural circuits in the brain break down DNA telomeres (chromosome tips) shorten,  cells lose ability to divide,  cells die,  tissue stops regenerating,  early aging and death
Slide 16 - Female and Male Stress Response In response to a stressor such as the death of a loved one, women may “tend and befriend”: nurture themselves and others, and bond together. The bonding hormone oxytocin may play a role in this bonding. Women show behavioral and neurological signs of becoming more empathetic under stress. Men under stress are more likely to socially withdraw and numb themselves with alcohol. Men are also more likely to become aggressive under stress. In either case, men’s behavior and brains show LESS empathy and less tuning in to others under stress.
Slide 17 - How does stress increase our risk of disease? This is the subject of a new field of study: psychoneuroimmunology, the study of how interacting psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect health. Psychologists no longer use the term “psychosomatic” because it has come to mean an imagined illness. We now refer to psychophysiological illness, a real illness caused in part by psychological factors such as the experience of stress. Studying the Stress-Illness Relationship
Slide 18 - How the immune system works, before stress plays a role:
Slide 19 - Stress Increases The Risk of Illness Here we see psycho-neuroimmunology in action: psychological factors, such as appraisal, thoughts, and feelings. neurological factors, such as brain signals engaging the stress response system. immunology, such as stress hormone exposure which suppresses the immune system.
Slide 20 - Psychoneuroimmunology Example:The Impact of Stress on Catching a Cold In a group exposed to germs, those experiencing stress were more likely to catch a cold. This tradeoff between stress response and immune response may help our bodies focus energy on managing stress.
Slide 21 - Stress, AIDS, and Cancer Because the stress response suppresses the immune response, exposure to stress obviously worsens the development of AIDS in those exposed to HIV. Reducing stress slows the progression of AIDS. Stress may weaken the body’s defenses against the replication and spread of malignant cells. AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Cancer: the stress link is not as clear This does NOT mean that stress causes cancer or AIDS.
Slide 22 - Many factors contribute to heart disease. Biological: genetic predisposition to high blood pressure and high cholesterol Behavioral: smoking, inactivity, and high-fat diet Psychological: chronic stress, and personality styles that worsen the experience of stress Stress and Heart Disease In coronary heart/artery disease, the blood vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself become clogged, narrowed, and closed. Clogging of the coronary artery
Slide 23 - Type A PersonalityStressHeart Disease People with a type A personality are impatient, verbally aggressive, and always pushing themselves and others to achieve. People with a type B personality are more relaxed and go with the flow. In one study, heart attacks ONLY struck people with Type A traits. Accomplishing goals is healthy, but a compulsion to always be working, with little time spent “smelling the flowers,” is not. Also a problem: ANGER. To reduce anger-related stress: defuse anger with exercise, talking, forgiveness, NOT “letting it out” (catharsis) by screaming, punching.
Slide 24 - Pessimism and Heart Disease It can be helpful to realistically anticipate negative events that may happen, and to plan how to prevent or cope with them. Men who are generally pessimistic are more likely to develop heart disease within ten years than optimists. Pessimism refers to the assumption that negative outcomes will happen, and often facing them by complaining and/or giving up.
Slide 25 - Depression and Heart Disease Why does depression appear so often with heart disease? Does one cause the other? One possible answer is that the two problems are both caused by chronic stress. There may be an intervening variable: excessive inflammation.
Slide 26 - Health Consequences of Chronic Stress: The Repeated Release of Stress Hormones The stress hormone cortisol helps our bodies respond to brief stress. Chronically high cortisol levels damage the body.
 

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