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MOB TCD Tibifibular and Ankle Joint Complex Professor Emeritus Moira O’Brien
FRCPI, FFSEM, FFSEM (UK), FTCD
Trinity College
Dublin Superior and Inferior Tibio-Fibular Joints Superior is synovial plane joint
Inferior is a syndesmosis
Interosseous tibiofibular ligament
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament MOB TCD Ankle Joint The ankle joint is one of the most common joints to be injured
The foot is usually in the plantar flexed and inverted position when the ankle is most commonly injured
Bröstrom, 1966 MOB TCD Tennis MOB TCD Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion take place at the ankle joint
In plantar flexion there is some side-to-side movement
Last, 1963 Ankle Joint MOB TCD Uniaxial, modified synovial hinge joint
Close pack
Dorsiflexion
Least pack
Plantarflexion
Williams & Warwick, 1980 Ankle Joint MOB TCD Proximal Articular Surface Distal surface of the tibia
Medial malleolus has comma shaped facet
Lateral malleolus triangular facet
Williams & Warwick, 1980 MOB TCD Proximal Articulation Inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament
Deepens it posteriorly
Passes from the lower margin of the tibia
To the malleolar fossa of the fibula
Williams & Warwick, 1980 MOB TCD Proximally the articulation depends on the integrity of the inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis Proximal Articular Surface MOB TCD Distal Articular Surface The superior surface of the body of the talus is wider anteriorly
Convex from before backwards
Concave from side to side
Medial comma shaped facet
Lateral triangular facet
Frazer, 1965 MOB TCD Capsule Is attached just beyond the articular margin
Except anterior-inferiorly
Attached to the neck of the talus
Williams & Warwick, 1980 MOB TCD The capsule is thin and weak in front and behind
It is strengthened on either side by the collateral ligaments
Williams & Warwick, 1980 Ankle Joint MOB TCD Medial (Deltoid) Ligament A strong triangular ligament
Superiorly attached
The medial malleolus of the tibia
Williams & Warwick, 1980 MOB TCD The tuberosity of the navicular
The edge of the spring ligament
The sustentaculum tali
The body of the talus
Last, 1963 Medial Ligament MOB TCD Medial or Deltoid Ligament (Superficial) Cross two joints
Anterior tibionavicular pass to the tuberosity of the navicular
The free edge of the spring ligament
The middle fibres
The tibiocalcaneal are attached to the sustentaculum tali
Williams & Warwick, 1980 MOB TCD Medial or Deltoid Ligament (Deep) The anterior tibiotalar to the nonarticular part of the medial surface of the talus
The posterior tibiotalar to the medial side of the talus
The medial tubercle of the talus
Williams & Warwick, 1980 MOB TCD Lateral Ligaments of Ankle The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
The calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)
The posterior talofibular ligament (PTF)
They radiate like the spokes of a wheel
Liu & Jason, 1994 MOB TCD Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) Is part of the capsule
An upper and lower bands
It is cylindrical
6-10 mm long
2 mm thick
Liu & Jason, 1994 MOB TCD ATFL The anterior inferior border of the fibula runs parallel to the long axis of the talus when the ankle is neutral or dorsiflexion
More perpendicular to the talus when the foot is equinus MOB TCD It is the weakest ligament
Strain increases with increasing plantar flexion and inversion
The AFTL is a primary stabiliser against inversion and internal rotation for all angles of plantar flexion
Liu & Jason, 1994 ATFL MOB TCD Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL) A long rounded 20-25 mm long, 6-8 mm in diameter
It contains the most elastic tissue
It is attached in front of the apex of the fibular malleolus
To a tubercle on the lateral aspect of the calcaneus
Williams & Warwick, 1980 MOB TCD CFL It is separated from the capsule by fibro-fatty tissue
Part of the medial wall of the peroneal tendon sheath
Crosses both the ankle and subtalar joints MOB TCD The CFL is perpendicular to the long axis of the talus
Dorsiflexion and inversion result in an increased strain
Talar tilt tests the CFL CFL MOB TCD Lateral Ligament The angle between the ATFL and CFL varies between 100o and 135o
Increasing the potential instability of the lateral ligament
Hamilton, 1994; Peters, 1991 MOB TCD Ankle Stability The ATFL is the main talar stabiliser and the CFL acts as a secondary restraint MOB TCD ATFL and CFL A difference of 10o between the two ankles is significant
A talar tilt of more than 10o is a lateral ligament injury in 99% of cases
The AFTL is injured in 65% and combined injuries of the AFTL and CFL occur in 20%
The CFL is a major stabiliser of the subtalar joint
Liu & Jason, 1994 MOB TCD Posterior Talofibular (PTL) The PTL is the strongest part of the lateral ligament
It runs almost horizontally from malleolar fossa to lateral tubercle of talus MOB TCD PTL During plantar flexion the posterior talofibular and the posterior tibio fibular ligament are edge to edge
They separate during dorsiflexion
MOB TCD Ankle Joint The flexor hallucis longus lies in a grove between the smaller medial and larger lateral tubercles
In 7% the lateral tubercle has a separate ossification and is called an os trigonum MOB TCD Synovial Membrane Lines the capsule and the non articular area
Covers the neck of talus
The fatty pads inside the capsule
It extends upwards to the interosseous ligament of the inferior tibiofibular joint
Plastanga et al., 1980 MOB TCD Blood Supply of Ankle Malleolar branches of the anterior tibial
Perforating peroneal and posterior tibial arteries MOB TCD Nerve Supply of Ankle Nerve supply is via articular branches of the deep peroneal
Tibial nerve from L4 - S2
MOB TCD Anterior Aspect Dorsiflexors
Tibialis anterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Anterior tibial > dorsalis pedis artery
Deep peroneal nerve
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
MOB TCD Postero-Medial Aspect of Ankle Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial vessels
Posterior tibial nerve and branches
Flexor hallucis longus
MOB TCD Posterior Aspect Posterolateral portal
Lateral to achilles tendon, sural nerve, short saphenous vein at risk
Posteromedial not used; flexor retinaculum structures at risk
Jaivin & Ferkel, 1994 MOB TCD Lateral Aspect of Ankle The inferior extensor retinaculum
Extensor digitorum brevis
Peroneus longus and brevis
Peroneal retinaculum
Ligament of the neck of talus
Bifurcate ligament MOB TCD Plantar flexor and evertor
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Dorsiflexor and evertor
Peroneus tertius Lateral Aspect of Ankle MOB TCD Nerves Related to Ankle Joint MOB TCD In the anatomical position the axis of the ankle joint is horizontal
But is set at 20-25o obliquely to the frontal plane
Running posteriorly as it passes laterally
Plastanga et al., 1990 Ankle Joint MOB TCD The ankle is most stable in dorsiflexion, with increasing plantar flexion there is more anterior talar translation (drawer) and talar inversion (tilt)
Ankle Joint MOB TCD Ankle Examination Anterior drawer
Suction sign
Inversion stress
Squeeze test
External rotation
Test MOB TCD Achilles tendon
Peroneal tendons
Posterior tibial tendon
Anterior process of calcaneus
Talar dome
Sinus tarsi
Bifurcate ligament Ankle Examination MOB TCD Tests for Ankle Ligament Injury MOB TCD Ottawa Ankle Rules Anteroposterior
Oblique
Lateral views
Bone tenderness
Medial or lateral
Malleolus
Unable to weight bear
Four steps post injury MOB TCD Tibialis Posterior / Superficial Peroneal Nerve MOB TCD ATFL
CFL
Distal tibiofibular
Syndesmosis
Deltoid ligament
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Base 5th metatarsal Ankle Examination MOB TCD Inversion or supination
Raising the medial border
Sole faces medially Inversion and Eversion Eversion or pronation
Raising the lateral border
Sole faces laterally
MOB TCD Initiated at the transverse tarsal joint
Calcaneocuboid
Anterior portion of the talocalcaneonavicular
Last, 1963
Inversion and Eversion MOB TCD Main movement take place at the clinical subtalar joint i.e.
talocalcaneal
inferior portion of the talocalcaneonavicular
The pivot is the ligament of the neck of the talus
Last, 1963
Inversion and Eversion MOB TCD Axis passes through the middle of the convex posterior facet on calcaneus
Upwards forwards and medially
Through middle of convex articular facet of head of talus
Last, 1963
Inversion and Eversion MOB TCD Talocalcaneal Synovial plane joint
Articular surface
Concave facet inferior body of talus
Convex posterior facet, superior aspect of calcaneus MOB TCD Talocalcaneal Joint Capsule attached just beyond articular margin ligaments
Interosseous
Ligament of neck of talus MOB TCD Tarsal Canal and Tarsal Sinus MOB TCD Inversion or Supination Invertor and dorsiflexion
Tibialis anterior
Invertor and plantarflexion
Tibialis posterior
MOB TCD Eversion and Pronation Evertor and dorsiflexion
Peroneus tertius
Evertor and plantarflexion
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus longus MOB TCD Talocalcaneonavicular Joint Synovial ball and socket
Ball head of talus
Socket
Posterior aspect of the navicular, two anterior facets on superior surface of calcaneus
Spring ligament and CNL MOB TCD Synovial ball and socket joint
Ball is anterior and inferior aspect of the head of the talus Talocalcaneonavicular Joint MOB TCD Socket
Two anterior facets on the superior surface of the calcaneus
Posterior aspect of the navicular
Spring ligament
LCN ligament Talocalcaneonavicular Joint MOB TCD Capsule attached just beyond the articular margin
Interosseous ligament
Spring ligament
Superficial portion deltoid ligament
LCL of bifurcate
Ligament neck of talus Talocalcaneonavicular Joint MOB TCD Synovial membrane lines the capsule and non-articular structures
Nerve supply
Tibial nerve
Deep and superficial
peroneal nerves
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint MOB TCD Subtalar Interosseosus Capsule of both talocalcaneal
Posterior portion of the talocalcanoeonavicular joint MOB TCD Ligaments of Subtalar Joint Inferior extensor retinaculum
Ligament of the neck of talus
Interosseous ligament
Bifurcate ligament
MOB TCD Ligament of Neck of Talus Sinus tarsi
Lateral aspect of neck of talus
Pivot of inversion and eversion
Last, 1963 * MOB TCD Tarsal Canal and Tarsal Sinus Fat
Nerve endings
Branches of posterior tibial and peroneal arteries
Capsules and ligaments of talocalcaneal and talocalcaeonavicular joints MOB TCD Inferior Extensor Retinaculum Medial root inside the tarsal sinus
Intermediate to talus with the interosseous ligament, inside sinus
Lateral root to calcaneus outside sinus
Klein & Spreitzer, 1993 MOB TCD Ligament Attachments MOB TCD Bifurcate Ligament Lateral calcaneo- navicular ligament (CNL)
Medial calcaneocuboid ligament (CCL) MOB TCD Two individual ligaments
Separate attachments
Different fibre orientation
Different histology Bifurcate Ligament MOB TCD Talocalcaneonavicular Joint Invertors
In dorsiflexion
Tibialis anterior
In plantarflexion
Tibialis posterior MOB TCD Evertor
In dorsiflexion
Peroneus tertius
In plantarflexion
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis Talocalcaneonavicular Joint MOB TCD Calcaneo Navicular Ligament Folded and twisted appearance
Prominent medial and lateral edges / folds
Three groups of fibres
Medial
Lateral (deep)
Intra-articular N A C MOB TCD c1f8 Calcaneocuboid Ligament Intra-capsular CC joint
Smaller than CNL, always present
Hourglass shaped fibres, twisted medially
MOB TCD
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