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Splanchnic Artery Aneurysms PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide 1 - Splanchnic Artery Aneurysms Katherine B. Harrington Vascular Surgery Conference May 15, 2006
Slide 2 - Splanchnic Artery Aneurysms Uncommon, but clinically important 22% present emergently, with an overall mortality of 8.5%. Incidence is increasing as imaging improves, but distribution is constant. One-third will have associated nonvisceral aneurysms as well- aortic, renal, iliac, lower extremity, and cerebral.
Slide 3 - Splanchnic Aneurysm Treatment Although noninvasive imaging is improving, selective arteriography is the mainstay for planning therapy. Surgery is still considered the gold standard especially for emergent rupture but both prophalactic and post-rupture catheterization are gaining in popularity. Consistent long term results are lacking e.g: -Study 1: 92% early success rate, 4% mortality at 1 month, and only 1 recurrence at 4 years. vs. -Study 2: 57% early success rate, convert to open in 20%. Catheter based interventions more appropriate for those aneurysms involving solid organs, e.g. those embedded in hepatic or pancreatic tissue with well formed collaterals.
Slide 4 - Splenic Artery Aneurysms Incidence: -Necropsy series vary between 0.098% to 10.4%. -0.78% on review of abdominal arteriographic studies. -Female to male ratio of 4:1. Pathophysiology: -Saccular macroaneurysms secondary to acquired derangements of vessel wall: elastic fiber fragmentation, loss of smooth muscle, and internal elastic lamina disruption. -Occur most often at bifurcations. -Multiple in 20% of patients.
Slide 5 - Splenic Aneurysms: Risk Factors Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Those with renal dysplasia are 6x more likely to have splenic aneurysm. Portal Hypertension with Splenomeglay: Splenic Aneurysms found in 10-30% of patients. Often multiple aneurysms. Multiple Pregnancies: 40-45% of female patients in case series were grand multiparous Thought to be secondary to both hormonal effects and increased splenic arteriovenous shunting during pregnancy. Other: Nearby inflammation: e.g. chronic pancreatitis -> false aneurysms. Mycotic aneurysms from endocarditis from IVDA. Trauma.
Slide 6 - Splenic Aneurysms: Presentation History: 17-20% symptomatic with vague LUQ pain with occasional radiation. 3-9.6% Rupture: Normally bleeds into lesser sac with CV collapse. 25% of ruptures get “Double rupture phenomenon” when blood escapes lesser sac confinement. Provides window for treatment. Ruptures can also present as GI bleeding or arteriovenous fistulas. Exam: -- Bruit rare. Normally under 2cm, so rarely palpable pulsatile mass. Imaging/Labs: Often found incidentally with CT/MRI/Arteriography. 70% will have curvilinear, signet ring calcification on Xray. MMP-9 for monitoring progression.
Slide 7 - Splenic Aneurysm: Treatment Indications Indications for Treatment: Symptomatic Aneurysms Aneurysms > 2 cm. OLT patients: mortality post rupture >50%. Pregnant patients or those who want to conceive: Maternal mortality post rupture –70%, fetus- 75%. Not associated with increased risk for rupture: Calcifications Age >60 Hypertension.
Slide 8 - Splenic Aneurysms: Treatment Options Aneurysmectomy, Aneursymorraphy, Simple ligation-exclusion without arterial reconstruction. Restoration of splenic artery continuity is rarely indicated. Endovascular Coiling-still with unsure failure rates, risk of splenic infarction. Stent Grafting- rare when splenic flow is needed for other theraputic reason like mesocaval shunting.
Slide 9 - Splenic Aneurysm: Treatment Proximal Aneurysms: Excise Gastrohepatic ligament. Expose through lesser sac. Ligate entering and exiting vessels. Those not embedded in pancreatic tissue are excised. Mid-Splenic Aneurysms: Generally associated with pancreatitis- generally false aneurysms. Clamp proximal splenic artery. Ligate arteries with prolene from within aneurysmal sac to reduce infection. Placement of external drains in associated psuedocysts. May need distal pancreatectomy. Peri-Hilar: Conventionally treated by splenectomy. Now simple suture obliteration, aneurysmorraphy, or excision recommended.
Slide 10 - Hepatic Artery Aneurysms Incidence: 20% of splanchnic aneurysms. 1/3 associated with splenic aneurysms. Male: Female 2:1. Most common in patients in their 50s. Normally solitary Average >3.5 cm. Those >2cm tend to be saccular. 80% Extrahepatic, 20% intrahepatic. Common hepatic: 63% Right hepatic: 28% Left Hepatic 5% Right and Left hepatic: 4%.
Slide 11 - Hepatic Artery Aneurysms Etiology: Medial degeneration- 24%. False aneurysms secondary to trauma- 22% Infectious (IVDA)- 10% Oral amphetamine use- ? Periarterial inflammation, e.g. cholecystitis or pancreatitis- rare.
Slide 12 - Hepatic Aneurysms: Presentation Most likely asymptomatic. Can present as RUQ or epigastric pain +/- radiation to the back not associated with meals. Manifest as extrahepatic bile duct obstruction when large aneurysms compress biliary tree. Pulsatile masses and bruits rare. Rupture risk ~20-44%. Mortality > 35%. Rupture: into hepatobiliary tract and peritoneal cavity with equal frequency. Rupture into bile ducts produces hematobilia- colic pain, massive GI bleeding with hematemesis, jaundice, and fevers are common. More common with traumatic intrahepatic false aneurysms. Rupture into peritoneal cavity produced acute abdomen, CV colapse. More likely in PAN associated aneurysms.
Slide 13 - Hepatic Aneurysms: Treatment Common Hepatic Artery: Extensive collaterals allow aneurysmectomy or exclusion without reconstruction. However, 5 minute occlusion trial recommended to confirm flow to prevent necrosis. Those with already existing parenchymal disease may need reconstruction.
Slide 14 - Hepatic Aneurysms: Treatment Proper Hepatic Artery and Extrahepatic branches: Requires revascularization. Subcostal or vertical midline incision. Care should be taken to avoid common bile duct injury near the proximal hepatic artery near the gastroduodenal artery and pancreaticoduodenal artery.
Slide 15 - Hepatic Aneurysm: Repair options Aneurysmorrhaphy with or without vein patch closure, especially for traumatic false aneurysms. Resection and reconstruction for fusiform or saccular with interpostion grafts using autogenous saphenous vein. Use spatulation of the artery and vein graft to produce ovoid anastomoses. Aortohepatic bypass when interpostion not possible: Extended Kocher manuver, medial viseral rotation. Vein graft from aorta behind duodenum to porta hepatis. Spatulated vein to artery with end-to-end anastomosis. Liver parenchymal resection for intrahepatic aneurysms nonamenable to resection. Endovascular coiling especially for traumatic- but with 42% recanulization reported.
Slide 16 - Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysms 5.5% of all splanchnic aneurysms. Affects men and women equally. Affects the first 5cm of the SMA. Most often infectious in etiology: Nonhemolytic Strep- related to Left sided endocarditis. Dissecting aneurysms are rare, but more common than in other visceral aneurysms. Trauma- rare cause.
Slide 17 - SMA Aneurysm: Presentation Most are symptomatic Intermittent upper abdominal pain progressing to constant epigastric pain. Half of patients have a tender pulsatile mass that is not rigidly fixed. Dissection or propagation can cause intestinal angina. 40% Rupture rate.
Slide 18 - SMA Aneurysm: Treatment Aneursymorrhaphy or simple ligation without reconstruction is acceptible, but try temporary occlusion of SMA with assesment of bowel viability. Aneursymectomy hazardous secondary to surrounding SMV and pancreas. Distal lesions through transmesenteric route. Proximal lesions visualized through retroperitoneal. Interpostition graft or aortomesenteric bypass after exclusion is rarely accomplished/done. Transcatherter occulsion used, but stent-grafts generally not favored secondary to high infectious etiology percentage.
Slide 19 - Celiac Artery Aneurysms Equal sex predilection. 50’s. Mostly medial degeneration related. Trauma and infection rare. Most are asymptomatic. Bruits heard frequently, and palpable puslatile mass in 30%. Risk of rupture 13%. Normally intraperitoneal.
Slide 20 - Celiac Aneurysms: Treatment Aneursymectomy with aortoceliac bypass with graft originating from supraceliac aorta, or aneurysmectomy with primary reanastomosis. OR celiac axis ligation. Do not use with liver dx. Abdominal route, medial visceral rotation, transection of crus and median arcuate ligament to expose celiac. If celiac is particularly large may need a thoracoabdominal approach.
Slide 21 - Gastric and Gastroepiploic Aneurysms Likely etiology medial degeneration. Often solitary Gastric artery aneurysms are 10x more common than gastroepiploic. Men:Women 3:1. 50s and 60s. Over 90% present as ruptures with 70% with serious GI bleeding. Very few admit to preceding symptomatology.
Slide 22 - Gastric and Gastroepiploic Aneurysms- Treatment Treatment directed at stopping the hemorrhage- approximately 70% mortality post-rupture. Ligation with or without excision of aneurysm is appropriate for extraintestinal lesions. Intramural aneurysms and those bleeding into the GI tract should be excised with the portions of associated gastric tissue.
Slide 23 - Jejunal, Ileal, and Colic Aneurysms
Slide 24 - Pathogenesis poorly understood. Equal sex distribution. 60s. Most are solitary, mms to 1cm. Multiple lesions seen with immunologic injury, septic emboli, or necrotizing vasculitides. Rarely symptomatic. Jejunal rupture rare, colic rupture more common. 20% rupture mortality. Jejunal, Ileal, and Colic Aneurysms
Slide 25 - Jejunal, Ileal, and Colic Aneurysms:Treatment Arterial ligation, aneurysmectomy, and resection of affected bowel if blood supply is compromised.
Slide 26 - Gastroduodenal, Pancreaticoduodenal, and Pancreatic Aneurysms Gastroduodenal aneurysms are 1.5% of splanchnic aneurysms and pancreaticoduodenal and pancreatic are 2%. Men:Female is 4:1. Etiology: Periarterial inflammation, actual vascular necrosis, and erosion by expanding pancreatic psuedocysts. False aneurysms more common. 60% present as rupture, with a 49% mortality. Most are symptomatic with epigastric pain radiating to back, because most are pancreatitis related. 75% tend to have GI bleeding into stomach or duodenum.
Slide 27 - Gastroduodenal, Pancreaticoduodenal, and Pancreatic Aneurysms Treatment: Pancreaticoduodenal and pancreatic artery aneurysms are more difficult to treat secondary to their small size and being embedded in the pancreas. Intraoperative arteriography is useful. Suture ligature of entering and exiting vessels without extra-aneurysmal dissection is appropriate. Those involving pancreatic tissue should place appropriate drains and/or resection pancreatic tissue as needed. Transcatheter embolization has been described, but may only serve as a temporizing step. Stent-grafting of the SMA which occludes the pancreaticoduodenal has also been described.
 

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