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SOIL POLLUTION PowerPoint Presentation

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Published on : Feb 10, 2014
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SOIL POLLUTION Soil ecosystem – organic, inorganic constituents & microbes Soil microbes Active agents in decomposition of both plant and animal wastes – Nature’s garbage disposal system though they decompose a variety of compounds they do not act on many man made synthetic polymers Persistent molecules that fail to be metabolized or mineralized have been termed as recalcitrants

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SOIL POLLUTANTS Plastics Agro chemicals Fertilizers Heavy metals

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Plastics Major part of global domestic and industrial waste Not easily biodegraded Waste plastic accumulates much thus adds to severe pollution problem Takes several years to disintegrate – 400 years to degrade mineral water bottles In USA, plastics are 7% in weight and 30% of the volume Use of biodegradable plastic solves the problem of pollution How? Photodegradable or biodegradable plastic contains an element sensitive to UV rays. In the presence of solar rays, the element is activated and breaks polymeric chain into small fragments that are easily digested

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What is biodegradable plastic? During the manufacture – 6% starch and Oxidizing agent (vegetable oil) added to polymers Degraded easily In case of metallic salts Present in soil interact with oxidizing agent to form ferric oxides Attacks polymer bonds Sets degradation of plastic in motion Parallely, soil microbes break starch grains which results in an increased attack surface Finally accelerates auto oxidation process

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Starch present reduces water resistance of plastic Addition of fine protective layer to the starch based plastic make it possible to obtain high degree of water resistance Future? Plastics with 50% starch in the market Biodegradable plastics offers solution to pollution due to plastics

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Solid waste composition

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Solid waste management hierarchy

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Agrochemical pollution Include pesticides, herbicides, fungicides Pesticides applied reach the soil ultimately Accumulation of pesticide residues in biosphere creates ecological stress causing soil, water and food contamination Persisting chemicals are hazardous to human health Total remediation is impossible Reduction of residue levels through redeeming technology (desirable)

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Pesticides serve as nutrients (C,N,S) or substrate for energy - many microorganisms Certain pesticides are metabolized but does not serve as nutrient, transformation is by co-metabolism Many pesticides and their metabolites are toxic to microorganisms – Mercuric fungicides are toxic to Rhizobium, Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter

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Fertilizer pollution Continuous application – Deterioration in soil properties, cultivated soils lose their characteristics Application of Amm. sulphate, Amm. chloride & Urea reduce soil pH Crops – potato, grapes, citrus, beans – sensitive to chloride toxicity Application of organic manures and biofertilizers reduce the soil from pollution

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Xenobiotics Foreign and harmful substance or organism in a biological system Derived from Greek Xeno meaning stranger and Bio means life Life describes some toxic substances, parasites and Symbionts Drugs, Food and poisons when consumed in levels more than the normal dose is linked to toxicity Xenobiosis – In communities of species when two distinct species share living space At ecosystem level – toxic waste when bioaccumulation in the food chain / food web we call it Xenobiotic

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Heavy metal pollution Metals with atomic number greater than 23 or more than 5 gm per ml (eg. Hg – 70gm ml-1) They are hazardous, not acceptable to biological system Toxic to man & other life forms Most are slow poison, accumulate in the body and cause serious disorders Common toxic metals- Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd

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Contd.

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Biodegradation is not possible unlike organic pollutants Metals are not mineralized to non toxic compounds (H2O & CO2) Biomobilization is possible How? Eukaryotic organisms detoxify heavy metals by binding to polythiols and bacteria develop efficient mechanisms to tolerate them They carry the genes controlling metal resistance in chromosome and plasmids Many plasmids contain genes resistance to several metals

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Biological Transformation of metals Is a detoxification mechanism by the action of microorganisms As a result metals undergo changes in valency and or conversion into organo metallic compounds Transformations Changes in valency and resulting in production of volatile or less toxic compounds Ex. Oxidation of As (III) to As (V) and Hg ion to metallic mercury Formation of organo metallic compounds by methylation Ex. Pb & Hg

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Biological methods Agronomic practices Contour farming Mulching crop rotation Strip cropping Dry farming Agrostological methods Lay farming Retiring of land to grass Soil conservation

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Mechanical methods Basin listing Contour terracing Other methods Gully control Afforestation Soil conservation (contd.)

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Terracing – increases the amount of land used for cultivation on steep slope and mountains and reduces erosion

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Contoured rows planted with alternating crops reduces soil erosion on gently sloppy land

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Impact of DDT DDT – Organic chemical – Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Is a Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Takes long time to break down in the environment Half Life – 15 years Toxic to insects but not very toxic to human Used much during the World War II to protect US troops from mosquito – borne malaria and to prevent the spread of lice and lice borne disease among civilian population in Europe Thereafter used as pesticides to protect crops and people from insect borne disease Since it was the first of its kind, it was overused and by the year 1960s, the problem related to bio magnification of DDT became apparent

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Bioremediation Treatment Technologies Biostimulation Bioaugmentation Biosorption Bioaccumulation Landfarming Composting Bioventing / air sparging Phytoremediation

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Air Sparging

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Soil Washing Contaminated Zone Water Table Mixture Separator/Water Treatment Recovery Well Injection Well Mixture Tank water & surfactants

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Bioreactor Liquid outlet Soil to drying Temperature control Agitator Vapor out Air inlet Nutrient Contaminated soil Contaminated liquid

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Landfarming Tank Air Filter/Pump Gravel layer Contaminated soil

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Biopiles Nutrient/moisture Gravel layer Leachate collection Impermeable layer Contaminated soil

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