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RISK MANAGEMENT
Updated Jan09 TSP-1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES A. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO). As a leader, apply the risk management process to a mission training plan task in a garrison or tactical environment. Specifically, the leader will correctly answer questions about basic risk management concepts and terms, and complete the worksheet for the scenario provided in accordance with the risk management worksheet instructions. Enabling Learning Objectives (ELO) Identify the three categories of accident cause factors
Define the underlying sources (reasons) of accident cause factors
Identify and define key terms associated with risk management
Identify hazards using METT-T factors, available hazard detection resources and personal experience/expertise
Determine the level of risk
Develop control options and make risk decisions
Determine how to implement, supervise, and evaluate the effectiveness of controls Developmental References Small Unit Risk Management Booklet
Leader’s Guide to Force Protection through Risk Management Book
The Small Unit Leader’s Force Protection Course Lesson Guide
Small Unit Safety Officer/NCO Guide (Pam 385-1) Battle and Non-Battle Casualties** Rate* per 1,000 soldiers and percent Army W.W.II
1942-45 Korea
1950-53 Vietnam
1965-72 DS/S
1990-91 NTC FY93
(BLUFOR-GROUND) Accident Friendly
Fire Enemy
Action 95.57
56% 1.50***
1% 73.61
43% 2.23
3% 11.14
75% 154.66
54% 120.33
44% 148.56
55% 3.03***
1% 2.67***
1% 131.20
45% .68
5% 2.90
20% 7.87****
9% 74.17****
88% * Per 12 months for W.W.II, Korea and Vietnam; 14 months for DS/S; per rotation NTC.
** Deaths and injuries (ground and aviation) for entire war/operation.
*** Research based estimate (2% of all direct- and indirect- fire losses).
**** Simulated (MILES) direct fire vehicle kills. TSP-2
RISK MANAGEMENT WORKSHEET 1. MSN/TASK : 2. DTG BEGIN : 3. DATE PREPARED: END : 4. PREPARED BY: 9. OVERALL RISK LEVEL AFTER CONTROLS ARE IMPLEMENTED (CIRCLE ONE): 5. HAZARDS 7. CONTROLS 11. HOW TO
IMPLEMENT 12. HOW TO
SUPERVISE 6. INITIAL
RISK LEVEL 8. RESIDUAL
RISK LEVEL RANK/LAST NAME/DUTY POSITION 10. RISK DECISION AUTHORITY: RANK/LAST NAME/DUTY POSITION LOW MODERATE HIGH EXTREMELY HIGH C
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E 13. PAGE ___ of ____ 1 B-8 6 7 8 11 12 HAZARDS 9 10 TSP-3 CAUSE FACTORS Human Error - an individual’s actions or performance is different than what is required and results in or contributes to an accident.
Material Failure/Malfunction - a fault in the equipment that keeps it from working as designed, therefore causing or contributing to an accident.
Environmental Conditions - any natural or manmade surroundings that negatively affect performance of individuals, equipment or materials and causes or contributes to an accident. TSP-4 SOURCES
OF
CAUSE FACTORS Individual Failure - Soldier knows and is trained
to standard but elects not to follow the standard
(self-discipline).
Leader Failure - Leader does not enforce known standard.
Training Failure - Soldier not trained to known standard (insufficient, incorrect or no training on task).
Standards Failure - Standards/procedures not clear or practical, or do not exist.
Support Failure - Equipment/material improperly designed/not provided. TSP--4A SOURCES OF CAUSE FACTORS
EXAMPLES Individual Failure - Soldier knows there is a requirement to be certified on servicing tires and although he isn’t certified, he attempts to service the tire anyway so he won’t have to wait for maintenance personnel. Can’t be that hard.
Leader Failure - Supervisor sees the soldier changing the tire and doesn’t stop him.
Training Failure - Soldier has never had any training on how to service split rims and didn’t know that a tire cage and air extension is required for inflation.
Standards Failure - The unit SOP requires the use of a tire cage, however it does not require the use of a twelve foot air gage extension.
Support Failure - The unit tire cage was not properly constructed and the unit does not have a twelve foot extension for the air gage. CAUSES: HUMAN ERROR
MATERIAL FAILURE/MALFUNCTION
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS UNDERLYING SOURCES OF CAUSES INDIVIDUAL FAILURE
LEADER FAILURE
TRAINING FAILURE
STANDARDS FAILURE
SUPPORT FAILURE
Risk Management - the process of identifying and controlling hazards to protect the force.
It’s five steps represent a logical thought process from which users develop tools, techniques, and procedures for applying risk management in their areas of responsibility.
It is a closed-loop process applicable to any situation and environment. Key Definitions TSP-5 Hazard - any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness or death of personnel, or damage to, or loss of equipment or property, or mission degradation. (AR 310-25)
Risk - chance of hazard or bad consequences; exposure to chance of injury or loss. (Oxford Dictionary, 1976) Key Definitions TSP-6 Risk level is expressed in terms of hazard probability and severity.
Probability - the likelihood that an event will occur.
Severity - the expected consequence of an event in terms of degree of injury, property damage, or other mission impairing factors (loss of combat power, etc..,) that could occur. Key Definitions TSP-7 Risk Assessment - the identification and assessment of hazards (first two steps of the Risk Management process).
Controls - actions taken to eliminate hazards or reduce their risk(s). Key Definitions TSP-8 Key Definitions Residual Risk - the level of risk remaining after controls have been identified and selected.
Risk Decision - the decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action made by the commander, leader, or the individual responsible for performing that action. TSP-9 WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP OF RISK MANAGEMENT? Risk Management Process Identify Hazards. Identify hazards to the force. Consider all aspects of current and future situations, environment, and known historical problem areas. TSP-10 Assess
hazards Implement
controls Supervise
& evaluate IDENTIFY
HAZARDS Develop controls & make risk decision STEP 1 HOW DO WE IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS?
LOTS OF AREAS TO CONSIDER
POSSIBILITY OF OVERLOOKING SOMETHING
WHAT KIND OF FRAMEWORK WILL HELP IDENTIFY POSSIBLE HAZARDS? THE METT-T FACTORS PROVIDE THAT FRAMEWORK! METT-T Mission- Specified, implied and subtasks.
Enemy - Size and capability (SALUTE).
Terrain/Weather - Environmental conditions. Troops and Equipment -
- Troops - training, type, number, and physical condition.
- Equipment - amount, type, design, and condition.
Time available - plan, rehearse, and conduct . TSP-11 ID HAZARDS - OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE - Identified those hazards most likely to result in loss of combat power
CRITERIA For “Most Likely Hazard” - Hazard is not adequately controlled at this echelon or next lower echelon.
- Hazard should be tracked via risk management
work sheet. TSP-12
IS THE HAZARD ADEQUATELY CONTROLLED? Identified
METT-T
hazard
-Support - Is type/amount/capability/condition of support
adequate to control hazard?
- Personnel - Equipment/material
- Supplies - Services/facilities -Standards - Is guidance/procedure adequately clear/
practical/specific to control hazard? - Training - Is training adequately thorough and recent
to control hazard? - Leader - Are leaders ready, willing and able to enforce
standards required to control hazard? - Individual - Is soldier performance and conduct
sufficiently self-disciplined to control hazard? Adequate
YES NO A - If all “yes”, no further action.
- If one or more “no”, risk manage this hazard. TSP-13 DO THESE 5 QUESTIONS LOOK FAMILIAR? To determine if the hazard is adequately controlled, answer the five (5) questions about:
the individual
leaders
training
standards
support CAUSES: HUMAN ERROR
MATERIAL FAILURE/MALFUNCTION
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS UNDERLYING SOURCES OF CAUSES INDIVIDUAL FAILURE
LEADER FAILURE
TRAINING FAILURE
STANDARDS FAILURE
SUPPORT FAILURE
Brain Storming
Experts
Publications
Accident Information
Scenario Thinking Detection Resources and Techniques TSP-14 IDENTIFY HAZARDS TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
- RECEIVE THE MISSION
- ISSUE THE WARNING ORDER
- MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN WHILE YOU ARE DOING THIS DO THIS TSP-15 WHAT IS THE SECOND STEP OF RISK MANAGEMENT? Risk Management Process. Assess Hazards. Assess hazards to determine risks. Assess the impact of each hazard in terms of potential loss and cost, based on probability and severity. TSP-16 ASSESS
HAZARDS Implement
controls Supervise
& evaluate Identify
hazards STEP 2 Develop controls & make risk decisions RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX TSP-17 PROBABILITY -- THE LIKELIHOOD THAT AN EVENT WILL OCCUR (DUE TO THE HAZARD) TSP-18 PROBABILITY Frequent Likely Occasional Seldom Unlikely Frequent - Occurs often, continuously experienced.
Likely - Occurs several times.
Occasional - Occurs sporadically. Seldom - Unlikely, but could occur at some time. Unlikely - Can assume it will not occur. LOOK AT YOUR ARNG Hasty Risk Management Card
Front side (with colors), center left
Note the definition of “Probability”
and
note the explanations of the categories of probability:
Frequent, Likely, Occasional, Seldom and Unlikely SEVERITY:
THE EXPECTED CONSEQUENCE OF AN EVENT IN TERMS OF DEGREE OF INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE, OR OTHER MISSION IMPAIRING FACTORS (LOSS OF COMBAT POWER, ADVERSE PUBLICITY, ETC.) THAT COULD OCCUR. SEVERITY Catastrophic Critical Marginal Negligible Death or permanent total disability, system loss, major property damage. Permanent partial disability, temporary total disability in excess of 3 months, major system damage, significant property damage. Minor injury, lost workday accident, compensable injury or illness, minor system damage, minor property damage. First aid or minor supportive medical treatment, minor system impairment. SEVERITY TSP-19 LOOK AT YOUR ARNG Hasty Risk Management Card
Front side (with colors), top center
Note the definition of “Severity”
and
note the explanations of the categories of severity:
Catastrophic, Critical, Marginal and Negligible RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX TSP-17 LOOK AT YOUR ARNG Hasty Risk Management Card
Front side (with colors)
Note the RISK Assessment Matrix
at the bottom of that card
The block where the hazard’s probability and severity intersect is the RISK LEVEL ASSESS THE HAZARDS - “MAKE A TENATIVE PLAN”
- MAKE AN ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION
- DEVELOP SITUATION AND COA
- ANALYZE COURSES OF ACTION
- DETAILED MISSION ANALYSIS WHILE YOU ARE DOING THIS DO THIS TSP-20 TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES WHAT IS THE THIRD STEP OF RISK MANAGEMENT? Risk Management Process. Develop Controls and Make Risk Decisions.
Develop control measures that eliminate the hazard or reduce its risk. As control measures are developed, risks are reevaluated until all risks are reduced to a level where benefits outweigh potential cost. TSP--21 Assess
hazards DEVELOP
CONTROLS & MAKE
RISK DECISION Implement
controls Supervise
& evaluate Identify
hazards STEP 3 TSP-22 CONTROLS For each hazard
Implement existing controls if adequate, if not
Adjust to make adequate or develop new controls
Consider:
Realism, time, money and resources
Minimize chance of accidents
Maximize chance of mission accomplishment DECISION Determine level of residual risk
Have the appropriate level of command accept risk Develop Controls
&
Make Risk Decision DEVELOP CONTROLS AND MAKE RISK DECISION - COMPARING COURSES OF ACTION
- MAKING DECISION
- EXPANDING SELECTED COA INTO A TENTATIVE PLAN WHILE YOU ARE DOING THIS DO THIS TSP-23 TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES WHAT IS THE FOURTH STEP OF RISK MANAGEMENT? Risk Management Process Implement Controls.
Put controls in place that eliminate the hazards or reduce their risks. TSP--24 Assess
hazards IMPLEMENT
CONTROLS Supervise
& evaluate Identify
hazards STEP 4 Develop controls & make risk decisions Standing Operating Procedures (SOP'S)
Orders
Briefings and back-briefs
Training
Rehearsals
New equipment IMPLEMENT CONTROLS TSP-25 IMPLEMENT CONTROLS TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
- INITIATING MOVEMENT
- RECONNOITERING
- COMPLETING THE PLAN
- ISSUING THE ORDER WHILE YOU ARE DOING THIS DO THIS TSP-26 WHAT IS THE FIFTH STEP OF RISK MANAGEMENT? Risk Management Process Supervise & Evaluate.
Perform to, and enforce standards and controls. Evaluate the effectiveness of controls and adjust/ update as necessary. TSP-27 Assess
hazards Implement
controls SUPERVISE
& EVALUATE Identify
hazards STEP 5 Develop controls & make risk decision Supervise All Soldiers responsible (self-discipline) for:
Performing to standard
Executing controls
Recognizing unsafe acts or conditions
Leaders are also responsible for enforcement Evaluate Effectiveness of Controls (adjust/update)
Feedback - AAR’s TSP-28 TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
- SUPERVISE AND REFINE THE PLAN WHILE YOU ARE DOING THIS TSP-29 DO THIS SUPERVISE AND EVALUATE ‘Risk management is the Army’s principal risk-reduction process to protect the force. Our goal is to make risk management a routine part of planning and executing operational missions.’ Chief of Staff, Army, July 1995 TSP--30 REVIEW
Small Unit Risk Management Booklet
RISK MANAGEMENT WORKSHEET 1. MSN/TASK : 2. DTG BEGIN : 3. DATE PREPARED: END : 4. PREPARED BY: 9. OVERALL RISK LEVEL AFTER CONTROLS ARE IMPLEMENTED (CIRCLE ONE): 5. HAZARDS 7. CONTROLS 11. HOW TO
IMPLEMENT 12. HOW TO
SUPERVISE 6. INITIAL
RISK LEVEL 8. RESIDUAL
RISK LEVEL RANK/LAST NAME/DUTY POSITION 10. RISK DECISION AUTHORITY: RANK/LAST NAME/DUTY POSITION LOW MODERATE HIGH EXTREMELY HIGH C
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E 13. PAGE ___ of ____ 1 B-8
RISK MANAGEMENT WORKSHEET 1. MSN/TASK : 2. DTG BEGIN : 3. DATE PREPARED: END : 4. PREPARED BY: 9. OVERALL RISK LEVEL AFTER CONTROLS ARE IMPLEMENTED (CIRCLE ONE): 5. HAZARDS 7. CONTROLS 11. HOW TO
IMPLEMENT 12. HOW TO
SUPERVISE 6. INITIAL
RISK LEVEL 8. RESIDUAL
RISK LEVEL RANK/LAST NAME/DUTY POSITION 10. RISK DECISION AUTHORITY: RANK/LAST NAME/DUTY POSITION LOW MODERATE HIGH EXTREMELY HIGH C
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E 13. PAGE ___ of __2__ 1 SOLUTION - SCENARIO 1 SAMPLE CPT BRADLEY, COMMANDER Enemy obstacles H M
Attach Engineer Sqd to the plt OPORD Direct Sprv
Develop obstacle reduction Unit TACSOP Cont Sprv
plan OPORD
Eng Handbook
Rehearse obstacle reduction Unit TACSOP Cont Sprv
techniques FM 5-34
Eng Handbook
Adverse environmental conditions E Adjust SP time to allow for adverse H OPORD Direct Sprv
- cold, rain/snow weather conditions
Proper protective gear worn Unit TACSOP PCC/PCI
Brief techniques for cold weather Unit TACSOP Buddy Sys injury recognition and administering Soldiers Man Spot check
first aid. FM 21-11
- limited visibility (night, snow/rain) Use NVD’s Unit TACSOP PCC/PCI
OPORD
Rehearse movement techniques OPORD Cont sprv
Recon the route Unit TACSOP Cont sprv
OPORD
Adjust movement interval to meet OPORD Cont sprv
existing conditions Execute Attack ARTEP 7-8-MTP (7-3/4-1100) 2LT Eager 1st Plt Ldr Co. B 2 MAR 97 021500MAR97
050600MAR97 RISK MANAGEMENT WORKSHEET PAGE _2_ of ___2_ 5. HAZARDS 7. CONTROLS 11. HOW TO
IMPLEMENT 12. HOW TO
SUPERVISE 6. INITIAL
RISK LEVEL 8. RESIDUAL
RISK LEVEL C
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E 13. SOLUTION-SCENARIO 1
SAMPLE Inexperienced soldiers E Buddy team experienced soldiers H Battle roster Cont Sprv
with inexperienced
- Terrain (cliffs, ravines, open areas) Use climbing ropes TC 90-6-1 Cont Sprv
Use rope bridges Mountaineering
Bypass
Cross at night OPORD Spot rpt
Use smoke Unit TACSOP Cont Sprv
Practice techniques Verbal/Rehearse Direct Sprv Unit TACSOP Cont Sprv
- Misidentification of friendly vs. threat Use visual recognition markings Unit TACSOP Cont Sprv
personnel and equipment Ranger Hndbk
Squad leader initiates fires OPORD Cont Sprv
Conduct opportunity training on ID Verbal Buddy Sys
- Unfamiliar with new TACSOP Drill procedures that apply to mission Rehearse/brief Direct Sprv
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