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Slide 1 - Parts of an Aircraft
Slide 2 - What is an Airplane? Aircraft More general term Refers to any heavier-than-air object that is Supported by its own buoyancy Supported by the action of air on its structures Airplane Heavier-than-air craft propelled by an engine Uses aerodynamic surfaces (wings) to generate lift
Slide 3 - What is an Airplane? Every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane. Space shuttle Gliders Helicopters
Slide 4 - Why So Many Types? Every modern aircraft is built for a specific purpose. Different altitudes Different speeds Different weight-carrying capacities Different performance
Slide 5 - Why So Many Types? Jet fighters Relatively lightweight Highly maneuverable and very fast Carry small amount of weight, including fuel Must refuel on long flights Passenger airplanes Larger, carry more weight, fly longer distances Less maneuverable and slower
Slide 6 - Why So Many Types? Wing types
Slide 7 - Why So Many Types? Speed The speed of sound is dependent on altitude and atmospheric conditions Mach is the term used to specify how many times the speed of sound an aircraft is traveling Subsonic: Less than Mach 1 Transonic: Mach .9 to Mach 1.5 Supersonic: All speeds above Mach 1 Hypersonic: All speeds greater than Mach 5
Slide 8 - Parts of an Airplane Five basic structural components Fuselage Wings Empennage (tail structures) Propulsion system Undercarriage
Slide 9 - Fuselage Main body structure All other components are attached to it Contains Cockpit or flight deck Passenger compartment Cargo compartment Produces a little lift, but can also produce a lot of drag
Slide 10 - Wings Most important lift-producing part of the aircraft Also carries the fuel Designed so that the outer tips of the wings are higher than where the wings are attached to the fuselage Called the dihedral Helps keep the airplane from rolling unexpectedly
Slide 11 - Wings
Slide 12 - Wing Designs Straight Wing Found mostly on small, low-speed airplanes Good lift at low speeds Not suited to high speeds Creates a lot of drag because the wing is perpendicular to the airflow Provides good, stable flight Cheap and can be made lighter
Slide 13 - Wing Designs Sweepback Used on most high-speed airplanes Less drag, but more unstable at low speeds Amount of sweep depends on the purpose of the airplane Commercial airliner has moderate sweep High speed airplanes (e.g., fighters) have moderate sweep No forward sweep wings are in mass production
Slide 14 - Wing Designs Delta Wings Looks like a large triangle from above Can reach high speeds Landing speeds are very fast Wing shape found on the supersonic transport Concord
Slide 15 - Wing Designs Swing Wing This design combines the high lift characteristics of a straight wing with the ability of the sweepback wing to move at high speeds During landing and takeoff, wing swings into an almost straight position During cruise, wing swings into a sweepback Hinges that enable wings to swing are very heavy
Slide 16 - Wing Components Trailing edge equipped with flaps Move backward and downward Increase the area of the wing and the camber of the airfoil Different from the ailerons, also located on the trailing edge of the wing
Slide 17 - Wing Components Slats Located on the leading edge Slide forward and increase the area of the wing and the camber of the airfoil Flaps and slats Used during takeoff and landing Increase lift at slower speeds.
Slide 18 - Wing Components
Slide 19 - Wing Components Spoilers Located on the top of the wings Opposite effect from flaps and slats Reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over the top of the wing Deployed after the airplane has landed and lift is no longer needed Increase drag
Slide 20 - Empennage Also known as the tail assembly Provides stability and control Two main parts Vertical stabilizer (fin) to which the rudder is attached Horizontal stabilizer to which the elevators are attached
Slide 21 - Undercarriage Also known as the landing gear, which is made up of Struts Wheels Brakes Can be fixed or retractable
Slide 22 - Propulsion System Provides thrust for the airplane Many different types of engines Piston engines and propellers Turboprop Turbojet Turbofan Scram jet These will be discussed in a later activity.
Slide 23 - Controls Instruments and Controls Supply information Altitude Direction Provide control Steering in the air and on the ground Engine power Braking
Slide 24 - Controls
Slide 25 - Controls Roll is controlled by the ailerons Used to raise and lower the wings Turning the control wheel left causes the left aileron to raise and lowers the right aileron. The plane rolls left. Turning the control wheel right causes the right aileron to raise and lowers the left aileron. The plane rolls right.
Slide 26 - Controls Pitch is controlled by the elevators on the tail of the plane. They are controlled by the control wheel (i.e., stick). If the wheel or stick is pushed forward, the elevators go down, causing the nose to point down and the plane to lose altitude. If the wheel or stick is pulled back, the elevators go up, causing the nose to point up and the plane to climb.
Slide 27 - Controls Yaw is controlled by the rudder. The right foot pedal turns the rudder to the right. This action causes the tail to yaw to the left and the nose to yaw to the right. To smoothly bank a plane or to turn it turn left or right, the pilot uses the ailerons and the rudder together.
Slide 28 - Controls On the ground, the plane’s direction is controlled by steering the nose wheel. Pilots use their feet on the rudder pedals to control the ground movement The rudder pedals are also used to apply the brakes.
Slide 29 - Image Resources Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip art. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (n.d.). Virtual skies: Aeronautics tutorial. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from http://virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov/aeronautics/tutorial/intro.html