Molecular Cell Biology PowerPoint Presentation

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Course in Molecular Biology Leuven, October – November 2002 Program Basics of molecular biology Transcription Translation Regulatory pathways DNA and diseases Biotechnology

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Lesson 1: Basics of molecular biology I. The Cell’s Organization II. Cell Cycle and Cell Division III. Cellular Molecules IV. The Genetic Dogma

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The Cell’s Organization

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All organisms: 1 or more cells

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The animal cell

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A plant cell

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A bacterium

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The Main Functions of the Membrane-bounded Compartments of a Eukaryotic Cell

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Compartimentation of the eukaryote cell: various organelles

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Cell nucleus Contains genetic information: DNA

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Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes (except sperm or egg cells)

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Chromosomes in a cell that is about to divide

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Mitochondria: factories of energy

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The Golgi apparatus cis trans medial  processing of secretory proteins  sorting cellular proteins

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Inside the cytosol: the cytoskeleton “microtubules” maintainance of cell shape and mobility ancor for other cellular structures

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Presentation: DNA

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division

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Some Eukaryotic Cell-Cycle Times

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The eukaryotic cell cycle

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Separation of sister chromatides during mitosis (mitosis = normal cell division)

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Microtubuli: assist chromosomes during cell division (mitosis)

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Different stages of the M phase during cell division (mitosis)

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The three DNA sequence elements needed to produce a eukaryotic chromosome that can be replicated and then segregated at mitosis

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Kinetochores and kinetochore microtubules

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Gametogenesis: meiosis (= specialized form of cell division giving rise to sperm and egg cells) Meiosis I

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Meiosis I (continued) Meiosis II Cell division without DNA replication  Haploid cell

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Presentation: Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis

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Cellular Molecules

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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells

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Macromolecules are abundant in cells

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The general reaction by which a macromolecule is made Condensation reaction: H2O molecule is released

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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells

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Glucose, a simple sugar

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Monosaccharides

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Sugar ring formation in aqueous solution

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Disaccharides: formed by two sugar monomers

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Oligo- and polysaccharides

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Complex oligosaccharides

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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells

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Phospholipid structure and orientation of phospholipids in membranes

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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells

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A simple amino acid: alanine

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A small part of a large protein molecule

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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells

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ATP: the energy carrier in cells

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Various functions of proteins

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Proteins as polypeptide chains

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Three types of noncovalent bonds that help proteins fold

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The size of proteins

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Several levels of protein organization

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Many protein molecules contain multiple copies of a single protein subunit

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Proteins often have highly specific binding sites

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How a set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions generates a metabolic pathway

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Phosphorylation and ATP hydrolysis drive protein functions

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Genetic information is stored in the DNA

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DNA and its building blocks

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DNA has an orientation

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DNA encodes proteins

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“Genes” encode proteins

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DNA replication

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DNA synthesis and proofreading

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Replication of eukaryotic chromosomes

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The replication fork in detail

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DNA replication can cause mutations

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DNA repair

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Mutations: possible cause of diseases and disfunctionalities

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The Genetic Dogma

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From DNA to protein

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Transcription by RNA polymerase

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RNA vs DNA

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Genes contain introns and exons

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Presentation: Heredity and inheritance