INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY PowerPoint Presentation

Slide 1 -

INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY BIOLOGY 320 FALL 2005 COURSE INTRODUCTION

Slide 2 -

General Information Aaron L. Payette, M.S. WHI 177a 895-4918 payettea@unlv.nevada.edu Office hours Tuesday, 10am – 11am Also by appointment

Slide 3 -

Lecture – Tues and Thurs, 4pm – 5:15pm, here Textbook – Ruppert, Fox and Barnes 7th Edition Laboratory – Tuesday in FMA 110 Use side door Section 01 – 12:30pm – 3:20pm Section 02 – 5:30pm – 8:20pm Manual – Wallace and Taylor Lab instructor – Marty Erwin 895-0807 erwinm2@unlv.nevada.edu

Slide 4 -

Learning Objectives Understand the basics of common phyla Protozoa, plus 19 out of roughly 35 animal phyla Taxonomy Important Phyla, Classes, Genera, and Species Anatomy and physiology Interesting structures How body systems function Links between form and function Evolution Adaptations Evolutionary relationships Ecology

Slide 5 -

Assessment Lecture 3 lecture exams Cumulative final exam 65% of total grade Laboratory 2 laboratory exams Lab notebook Field trip or paper 35% of total grade

Slide 6 -

Tips for Succeeding in Lecture Read assigned chapters before attending lecture (do the same for lab) Study at least 10 hrs per week, from book and notes (similar but not exactly the same) See me with specific questions Tests are combination of multiple-choice and short answer / fill-in questions Test questions will be derived from both the book and lecture notes

Slide 7 -

Grading and “Will There Be a Curve?” Vote for preferred system Standard A = 90% or above B = 80% - 89% C = 70% - 79% Etc. No curve unless absolutely necessary No extra credit Plus / Minus A = 93% or above A- = 90% - 92% B+ = 87% - 89% Etc.

Slide 8 -

Missed / Late Exam Policy No make-up exams, except with: Medical documentation Legal documentation Make-up exams will be essay form If you arrive late to an exam, and even one exam has already been turned in, you will be given an essay test

Slide 9 -

Miscellaneous Do NOT share information regarding laboratory exams with students in another section. This is cheating, and if you are caught sharing information, you will fail the course and possibly be expelled. Lecture and laboratory schedules are TENTATIVE

Slide 10 -

The Biological Sciences Biology – study of life Many different fields (some examples) Zoology – study of animals Anatomy – study of morphological structures Physiology – study of how body structures (cells, organs, organ systems, etc) function Evolution – study of change over time (molecular level to ecosystem level) Ecology – study of how organisms interact and affect their environments, or vice versa

Slide 11 -

Hierarchy of Life Atomic level to the biosphere level Figure covers molecular level to ecosystem level An ecologist may be a community ecologist, a population ecologist, etc.

Slide 12 -

Three Domains of Life Three large groups called domains Bacteria - prokaryotes Archaea - prokaryotes Eukarya - eukaryotes Prokaryotic – cells lack a nucleus Eukaryotic – cells possess a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Slide 13 -

Classification is continually changing Some scientists don’t subscribe to the three domain method of classification Some still use the Five Kingdom method Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea

Slide 14 -

Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya consists of several kingdoms Protista - single celled (several kingdoms) Plantae - multicellular Fungi - multicellular Animalia - multicellular

Slide 15 -

Protists Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi

Slide 16 -

Diversity of Life DNA is the molecule responsible for diversity Specific regions of DNA (genes) code for specific types of proteins Speciation occurs several ways Allopatric Adaptive radiation Sympatric If reproductive barriers arise between populations, speciation will occur Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers

Slide 17 -

Evolution Origin of Species published by Charles Darwin in 1859 Concepts Descent with modification Natural selection – inherited traits within a species are selected for or against Adaptation – features that have evolved by means of natural selection

Slide 18 -

Invertebrate Zoology Study of invertebrate animals Inverts make up at least 99% of all extant (living) animal species on the planet Over 1,000,000 described spp. (species) on the planet (mostly insects) Estimated 10 to 30 million spp. have yet to be described We will cover 19 (time permitting) of the approx. 35 animal phyla

Slide 19 -

Preview of Phyla We Will Cover Protozoa – animal-like protists Do not belong to kingdom animalia, and thus are not considered to be invertebrate animals Important evolutionary link between prokaryotes, and everyday plants and animals Volvox

Slide 20 -

Phylum Porifera Sponges

Slide 21 -

Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Anemones, and Corals Portuguese Man O’ War

Slide 22 -

Phylum Ctenophora Comb Jellies

Slide 23 -

Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms

Slide 24 -

Phylum Nemertea Ribbon Worms

Slide 25 -

Phylum Mollusca Chitons, Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, and Octopi Banana Slug

Slide 26 -

Phylum Annelida Segmented Worms

Slide 27 -

Phylum Echiura Spoonworms

Slide 28 -

Phylum Sipuncula Peanut Worms

Slide 29 -

Phylum Tardigrada Water Bears

Slide 30 -

Phylum Arthropoda Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids, Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Insects

Slide 31 -

Phylum Gastrotricha Name means “stomach hair”

Slide 32 -

Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Caenorhabditis elegans = good Ascaris lumbricoides = bad

Slide 33 -

Phylum Rotifera Wheel bearers

Slide 34 -

Phylum Phoronida A lophophorate

Slide 35 -

Phylum Brachiopoda Lamp shells, another lophophorate

Slide 36 -

Phylum Bryozoa Bryozoans, the largest phylum in the superphylum Lophophorata

Slide 37 -

Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, Brittle Stars, Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers

Slide 38 -

Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata is the only phylum containing vertebrate animals, however, there are some invertebrate chordates

Slide 39 -

Taxonomy Linnean system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) is almost abandoned Genus species (binomial nomenclature) is still used Lumbricus terrestris Lumbricus terrestris Scientists are more interested in evolutionary relationships (how are organisms similar / different), as opposed to what “What class do shrimp belong to?” Taxonomic names, and proposed evolutionary relationships change frequently

Slide 40 -

Cladistics Method embraced by the authors of your text for constructing evolutionary relationships in the form of phylogenetic trees, or cladograms May be assembled according to morphology and/or molecular data (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) Can be used to infer a great deal about evolutionary relationships But it is easy to make mistakes Homology – good indication of a relationship Analogy - misleading

Slide 41 -

Morphological Vs. Molecular Data Body Plan Data rRNA Data

Slide 42 -

Ground Plan For each Phylum we cover, you want to understand that group’s ground plan (basic set of characteristics) These characteristics are useful for determining differences / similarities between phyla Ground plan for Phylum Arthropoda (example): segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton, periodic molts, and jointed appendages