Introducation of Ovarian cancer PowerPoint Presentation

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Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Christopher P. DeSimone, M.D. Associate Professor Gynecologic Oncology Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology

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Epidemiology 9th most common cancer among women 21,880 (3%) 5th most common cause of cancer death 13,850 (5%) Leading three malignancies among women: Breast, Lung, Colon Jemal. Cancer Statistics 2010

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Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) Most common type of ovarian cancer Epithelial (75%) Germ cell (15-20%) Sex-cord Stromal (5%) Median age of presentation 65 Overall lifetime risk is 1 in 70 75-80% of patients are diagnosed with Stage III or IV disease

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Risk Factors Family history (primarily 2 or more first degree relatives) Age (besides family history, this is the most important risk factor) Nulliparity Early menarche, late menopause Late childbirth (age <35) Environmental factors not yet defined

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Risk Reduction OCP’s Several Case-controlled studies have documented that OCP users have a 30-60% smaller chance of developing EOC than non-users WHO study documented a RR 0.75 Greater reduction in risk with nulliparous women and increased duration of use Breast Feeding Tubal ligation Risk reducing oophorectomy

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Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Account for 10% of EOC BRCA1, BRCA2 (Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer –HBOC) Estimated 1/300 to 1/800 individuals carry a BRCA 1 or 2 mutation Estimated 1/40 Ashkenazi Jews carry a BRCA 1 or 2 mutation Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), Lynch II Colorectal Cancer before age 50 Endometrial cancer before age 50 2 or more “Lynch” family members: colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, ureter/renal pelvis, gastric, biliary tract, small bowel, pancreatic, brain and sebaceous adenoma

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Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Risk relative to family history Overall risk (OR) for women with a single first degree relative is 3.1 (5% lifetime risk) OR with 2 or 3 relatives is 4.6 (7.2% lifetime risk)

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Hereditary Ovarian Cancer BRCA 1 Germline Mutations Tumor suppressor gene on 17q21 (long arm) Autosomal dominant 65 to 74% Breast Cancer risk 39-46% Ovarian Cancer risk For women with Breast Cancer, the 10-year actuarial risk of developing Ovarian Cancer is 12% Predominately high grade, serous or endometrioid adenocarcinoma ACOG Practice Bulletin #103, 2009.

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Hereditary Ovarian Cancer BRCA2 Germline Mutations Tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 13q12 65-74% Breast Cancer risk 12-20% Ovary Cancer risk For women with Breast Cancer the 10-year actuarial risk of developing Ovarian Cancer is 6% Predominately high grade, serous or endometrioid adenocarcinoma

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Genetic Counseling Patients with a >20-25% chance of having an inherited predisposition to breast or ovarian cancer and for whom genetic risk assessment is recommended Women with a personal history of both breast and ovarian cancer Women with ovarian cancer and a close relative with breast cancer at ≤50 or ovarian cancer at any age Women with ovarian cancer at any age who are an Ashkenazi Jew Women with breast cancer at ≤50 and a close relative with ovarian cancer or a male breast cancer Women who are an Ashkenazi Jew and breast cancer ≤40 Women with a 1st or 2nd degree relative with a BRCA 1 or 2 mutation Lancaster et al. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 159-62.

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Genetic Counseling Patients with a >5-10% chance of having an inherited predisposition to breast or ovarian cancer and for whom genetic risk assessment may be helpful Women with breast cancer at ≤40 Women with bilateral breast cancer (particularly if breast cancer was at ≤50 years) Women of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry with breast cancer at ≤50 years Women with breast or ovarian cancer at any age with two or more close relatives with breast cancer at any age (particularly if at least 1 breast cancer was at ≤50 years) Unaffected women with a 1st or 2nd degree relative that meets one of the above criteria Lancaster et al. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 159-62.

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Hereditary Ovarian Cancer HNPCC Autosomal dominant 80% risk of developing colon cancer 60% risk of developing endometrial cancer 10-15% risk of developing ovarian cancer Mismatch repair gene defects MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 and MLH1 (chromosome 3)

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Genetic Counseling Patients with a >20-25% chance of having an inherited predisposition to endometrial, colorectal and related cancers and for whom genetic risk assessment is recommended Patients with endometrial or colorectal cancer who meet revised Amsterdam criteria as listed below At least 3 relatives with a Lynch/HNPCC-associated cancer in one lineage One affected individual should be a 1st degree relative of the other two At least 2 successive generations should be affected At least 1 HNPCC-associated cancer should be diagnosed before age 50 Patients with synchronous or metachronous endometrial and colorectal cancer with 1st cancer diagnosed prior to age 50 Patients with synchronous or metachronous ovarian and colorectal cancer with 1st cancer diagnosed prior to age 50 Patients with colorectal or endometrial cancer with evidence of a mismatch repair defect (microsatellite instability or IHC loss of expression of MLH 1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2) Patients with a 1st or 2nd degree relative with a known mismatch repair gene mutation Lancaster et al. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 159-62.

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Genetic Counseling Patients with a >5-10% chance of having an inherited predisposition to endometrial, colorectal and related cancers and for whom genetic risk assessment may be helpful Patients with endometrial or colorectal cancer diagnosed prior to age 50 Patients with endometrial or ovarian cancer with a synchronous or metachronous colon or other Lynch/HNPCC-associated tumor at any age Patients with endometrial or colorectal cancer and a 1st degree relative with a Lynch/HNPCC-associated tumor diagnosed prior to age 50 Patients with endometrial or colorectal cancer diagnosed at any age with two or more 1st or 2nd degree relatives with Lynch/HNPCC-associates tumors, regardless of age Patients with a 1st or 2nd degree relative that meets the above criteria Lancaster et al. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 159-62.

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Risk-reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) Estimated 1000 cases of ovarian cancer could be prevented if elective SO was performed in all women undergoing hysterectomy at 40 years or older 5-10% of women with ovarian cancer have had a previous hysterectomy at age 40 or older Obtain a family history for BRCA and HNPCC ACOG Practice Bulletin #89, 2008

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RRSO Factors favoring oophorectomy Postmenopausal Genetic susceptibility for ovarian cancer based on family history or genetic testing Bilateral ovarian neoplasms Severe endometriosis PID or TOA Factors favoring preservation Premenopausal Future fertility Impact on libido, quality of life in young women Osteopenia, osteoporosis, or risk factors for osteoporosis

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RRSO for BRCA BRCA1 Risk of cancer rises in late 30’s and early 40’s (2-3%) Risk of ovarian cancer is 10-21% by age 50 Average age of ovarian cancer diagnosis 53 years BRCA2 Risk of ovarian cancer is 2-3% by age 50 Risk of breast cancer is 26-34% by age 50 Women with BRCA1 and 2 mutations should be offered RRSO by age 40 or when child bearing is complete RRSO associated with 80% reduction in ovarian, fallopian and primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma Cumulative incidence of primary peritoneal cancer is 4-5% at 20 years after RRSO Incidence of occult ovarian carcinoma 10-12% RRSO reduces a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer by 40-70% (the protective effect is strongest among premenopausal women) Finch et al. JAMA. 2006

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RRSO for BRCA Domchek et al. Association of risk-reducing surgery in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers with cancer risk and mortality. JAMA 2010; 304: 967-75. 2482 women with known BRCA1 or 2 mutation identified and divided among those who did or did not have SO Compared to women who did not undergo RRSO, undergoing SO was associated with: Lower risk of ovarian cancer among women with breast cancer (6% vs 1%; HR 0.14 [CI 95%, 0.04-0.59]) Lower risk of ovarian cancer among women without breast cancer(6% vs 2%; HR 0.28 [CI 95%, 0.12-0.69]) Lower risk of breast cancer among BRCA1 carriers (20% vs 14%; HR 0.63 [CI 95%, 0.41-0.96]) Lower risk of breast cancer among BRCA2 carriers (23% vs 7%; HR 0.36 [CI 95%, 0.16-0.82]) Lower all-cause mortality (10% vs 3%; HR 0.40 [CI 95%, 0.26-0.61]) Lower risk of breast cancer mortality (6% vs 2%; HR 0.44 [CI 95%, 0.26-0.76]) Lower risk of ovarian cancer mortality (3% vs 0.4%; HR 0.21 [CI 95%, 0.06-0.80])

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RRSO for HNPCC Average age of ovarian cancer 42 years Average age of endometrial cancer is 50 years RRSO associated near 100% reduction in endometrial, ovarian, fallopian and primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma Case reports of primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma after RRSO Women with HNPCC mutations should be offered hysterectomy/RRSO by age 35-40 or when child bearing is complete

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Screening Guidelines for BRCA and HNPCC Patients BRCA Begin at age 30-35 or 5-10 years before earliest diagnosed cancer in family annual CA125 annual TVS HNPCC Start at age 25 or 10 years before earliest diagnosed cancer in family annual EMB annual TVS annual Colonoscopy

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Screening for Ovarian Cancer There is no evidence that screening for Ovarian Cancer leads to earlier detection or improved survival… Nonetheless, the following have been or are being used TVS CA125 Multimodal Symptoms Biomarkers

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Screening (TVS) Ueland et al. Preoperative differentiation of malignant from benign ovarian tumors: the efficacy of morphology indexing and doppler flow sonography. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 46-50. 442 women with pelvic masses; all undergoing definitive surgery TVS prior to surgery MI<5, 1/315 tumors was malignant Stage IA granulosa cell tumor (2 cm) MI ≥5, 53/127 tumors were malignant Stage I-33 Stage II-6 Stage III-14 Sensitivity 98% Specificity 81% PPV 41% NPV 99.7%

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Screening (TVS) van Nagell et al. Ovarian cancer screening with annual transvaginal sonography. Cancer 2007; 109: 1887-96. TVS for 25,327 women from 1987-2005 Asymptomatic women ≥50 or women ≥25 who had a family history of ovarian cancer 364 patients underwent surgery (1.4%) for a persistent ovarian tumor 35 ovarian cancers (Stage I: 28, Stage II: 8, Stage III: 8) 9 LMP’s 7 metastatic cancers 9 women developed cancer with a false negative screen Sensitivity 85% Specificity 98.7% PPV 14% NPV 99.9%

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Screening (CA125) Tumor associated antigen Not expressed in mucinous tumors Normal value in 50-70% of stage I tumors and 20-25% of advanced tumors Associated with a variety of common, benign conditions including: endometriosis, fibroids, PID, adenomyosis, pregnancy and possibly menstruation Better predictive value in postmenopausal patients Abnormal >35 u/ml: postmenopausal >200 u/ml: premenopausal

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Screening (Multimodal) Buys et al. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011; 305: 2295-2303. 78,216 women aged 55-74 39,105 – annual screening (CA125 6 years, TVS 4 years) 39,111- no screening Maximum follow-up 13 years (median 12.4 years) Primary outcome: mortality from ovarian cancer Secondary outcome: ovarian cancer incidence and complications from screening examinations and diagnostic procedures

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Screening (Multimodal) Ovarian cancer: 212 women (screening) vs. 176 (observation) RR 1.21 (CI 95%, 0.99-1.48) Deaths from ovarian cancer: 118 women (screening) vs. 100 (observation) RR 1.18 (CI 95%, 0.82-1.71) 3285 women had false-positive results; resulting in 1080 surgeries 163 women experienced at least one serious complication (15%) [infectious complications 40%] Conclusion: “simultaneous screening with CA125 and transvaginal ultrasound compared with usual care did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality.”

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Screening (Symptoms) Goff BA et al. Development of an ovarian cancer screening index, possibilities for earlier detection. Cancer 2007; 109: 221-7. Case-control study (n=637) Ovarian cancer patients (n=149) Ovarian cancer screening group (n=255) Ultrasound/surgery group (n=233) Divided between 2 groups: Exploratory group (n=317): used to develop odds ratios for symptoms. Significant symptoms were analyzed by a logistic regression model for their independent association with ovarian cancer. The results from the logistic regression analysis was used to create a risk index Confirmatory group (n=320): the regression model and risk index were used in this group to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the risk index

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Screening (Symptoms) Symptoms independently associated with ovarian cancer (logistic regression model) Pelvic/abdominal pain (p<0.001) Increased abdominal size/bloating (p<0.001) Difficulty eating/feeling full (p<0.01) A symptom index was considered positive if these 6 symptoms were reported >12 a month but were present for <1 year Sensitivity Early stage disease (56.7%) Late stage disease (79.5%) Specificity Women >50 (90%) Women <50 (86.7%) Conclusion- “a symptom index may be useful for identifying women who are at risk” (My opinion-???)

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Screening (Biomarkers) Ueland et al. Multivariate index assay to assess ovarian tumors. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 1289-97. OVA-1 is a combination of 5 tumor markers CA125 Transferrin Prealbumen apolipoprotein AI beta2 microglobulin Computer program takes each variable and patient age to create an ovarian malignancy risk score Premenopausal >5 (high risk of malignancy) Postmenopausal >4.4 (high risk of malignancy)

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Screening (Biomarkers) Physician assessment and OVA-1 correctly identified 70% of ovarian malignancies missed by non-gynecologic oncologist and 95% by gynecologic oncologists OVA-1 correctly identified 75% of ovarian cancer missed by CA125 alone OVA-1 vs. CA125 (67) for ovarian malignancies Sensitivity 93% vs. 77% Specificity 43% vs. 73% PPV 42% vs. 56% NPV 93% vs. 88%

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Management of Adnexal Masses Adnexal masses often present both diagnostic and management dilemmas Need to determine: Malignant vs. benign Surgery vs. conservation ACOG Practice Bulletin #83, 2007.

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Differential Diagnosis Gynecologic Benign Functional cyst Leiomyomata Endometrioma TOA Ectopic Teratoma Cystadenoma Malignant EOC Germ Cell Sex-cord stromal Non-gynecologic Benign Diverticular abscess Appendiceal abscess Nerve sheath tumors Pelvic Kidney Malignant Colon cancer Breast cancer Gastric cancer

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Clinical Tests Ultrasound Size Consistency- solid, cystic, mixed Septations Papillary excrescences Pelvic fluid Color Doppler Other Imaging Modalities CT scan should be used to evaluate for metastatic lesions Serum Markers CA125 OVA-1

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Management of Adnexal Masses Ultrasound findings suggestive of benign disease Unilocular, thin-walled cysts <10 cm Smooth regular borders No septations No free fluid No papillary excrescences

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Management of Adnexal Masses Observation Simple, unilocular ovarian cysts <10 cm Modesitt SC et al. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 594-9. 2763 women with a simple, unilocular cyst <10 cm 2261 (69%) resolved within 1 year 133 surgeries- no cancers Compelling reason to avoid surgery i.e cirrhosis Surgery Symptoms: pain, pressure, urinary frequency etc. Complex ovarian cysts Elevated serum markers Pelvic fluid

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Current GYN/Oncology referral guidelines for a pelvic mass ACOG committee opinion #477 (2011) Postmenopausal women with suspicious pelvic mass as suggested by at least one of the following: elevated CA125 ascites nodular or fixed pelvic mass evidence of distant metastasis

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Current GYN/Oncology referral guidelines for a pelvic mass Premenopausal patient with pelvic mass suspicious for ovarian cancer as evidenced by the presence of one of the following: Very elevated CA125 ascites evidence of metastasis

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Old GYN/Oncology referral guidelines for a pelvic mass ACOG committee opinion #280 (2002, reviewed 2005) Postmenopausal women with suspicious pelvic mass as suggested by at least one of the following: elevated CA125 (>35 u/ml) ascites nodular or fixed pelvic mass evidence of distant metastasis family history of 1 or more first degree relatives with breast or ovarian cancer

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Old GYN/Oncology referral guidelines for a pelvic mass Premenopausal patient with pelvic mass suspicious for ovarian cancer as evidenced by the presence of one of the following: CA125 >200 U/ml ascites evidence of metastasis family history with 1 or more first degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer

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2007 review of 2002 ACOG committee opinion Dearking AC et al. How relevant are ACOG and SGO guidelines for referral of adnexal mass? Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 841-8. Objectives- to evaluate the referral guidelines for an adnexal mass 837 women were evaluated according to ACOG referral guidelines: age, CA-125, imaging, physical findings and family history of ovarian cancer 44% (263/597) postmenopausal women were diagnosed with cancer 20% (48/240) premenopausal women were diagnosed with cancer 74% of ovarian cancer was late Stage disease (III/IV)

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2007 review of 2002 ACOG committee opinion Conclusion- Guidelines perform well for detecting advance-stage cancer Guidelines perform poorly for detecting early-stage cancer or cancer in premenopausal women

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2011 review of (2002) ACOG committee opinion Miller RW et al. Performance of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ ovarian tumor referral guidelines with a multivariate index assay. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 1298-1306. 516 women with an ovarian tumor and OVA-1 test 161 malignancies 45 premenopausal 116 postmenopausal CA-125 was replaced with OVA-1

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2011 review of ACOG referral guidelines OVA-1 increased: Sensitivity 80% NPV 88% OVA-1 decreased: Specificity 71% PPV 55% Conclusion- Replacing CA-125 with OVA-1 increases the sensitivity and NPV of the ACOG guidelines. The high sensitivity is maintained in premenopausal women and early-stage disease.

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Ovarian Cancer triage summary

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Sensitivity/Specificity Sensitivity relates to the test's ability to identify positive results. Specificity relates to the ability of the test to identify negative results.

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EOC

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Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer Largely non-specific Increase in abdominal girth (ascites) Bloating Fatigue Abdominal pain Early satiety Indigestion Constipation Weight loss, unexplained New onset of urinary frequency or incontinence

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FIGO Staging Stage I IA Tumor confined to a single ovary, negative washings, capsule intact, surface of ovary uninvolved IB Tumor found in both ovaries, negative washings, capsule intact, surface of ovary uninvolved IC Tumor on one or both ovaries, ruptured capsule, positive cytology or ovarian surface involvement Stage II IIA Extension or metastasis to uterus and/or tubes IIB Extension to other pelvic structures IIC Tumor on one or both ovaries, ruptured capsule, positive cytology or ovarian surface involvement Stage III IIIA Tumor on one or both ovaries with microscopic spread to abdominal peritoneal surface (ex. Liver serosa) IIIB Tumor implant <2cm to abdominal peritoneal surface IIIC Tumor implant >2cm to abdominal peritoneal surface and/or positive retroperitoneal or inguinal lymph nodes Stage IV Distant metastasis Pleural effusion with positive cytology Parenchymal liver metastasis

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5-year Survival Rates Stage I 76-93% Stage II 60-74% Stage III IIIA 41% IIIB 25% IIIC 20% Stage IV 11%

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Histology

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Principles of Ovarian Cancer Surgery Purpose of Surgery Staging of disease Prognosis and treatment depend upon surgical findings and subsequent stage Debulking (cytoreduction) Overall reduction of tumor burden to less than 1 cm (preferably no gross residual disease) improves survival Palliation of symptoms Goldie-Coldman Hypothesis Resistance to chemotherapy will develop in fraction of remaining viable cells

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Principles of Ovarian Cancer Surgery Midline, vertical incision Careful inspection of all peritoneal surfaces: liver, spleen, large and small bowel, stomach, diaphragms Any ascites is collected for cytology. If no ascites, then pelvic washings should be obtained If no gross disease beyond ovaries: systematic biopsies of peritoneal surfaces and diaphragms Pelvic and para aortic lymph node sampling Infra-colic omentectomy If gross disease beyond ovaries: Tumor debulking is ideal (goal is to leave no residual tumors or implants)

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Principles of Ovarian Cancer Surgery In most cases, hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is indicated If fertility is a consideration, the contra-lateral ovary and uterus may be left in-situ if tumor is Stage IA, IC, IIA and appropriate counseling

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Upstaging Incomplete surgical staging is a common issue Complete surgical staging offers a more accurate diagnosis and in some cases determines the need for adjuvant chemotherapy. Young RC et al. Staging laparotomy in early ovarian cancer. JAMA 1983; 250: 3072-6. 31% of patient were upstaged after a second surgery 77% of patients actually had Stage III disease 25% of patients had an inadequate incision to properly perform staging (Pfannenstiel) McGowan L et al. Misstaging of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 568-72. Examined completeness of staging in 291 women 46% had inadequate staging GO 97% correct GYN 52% correct Surgeon 35% correct

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) 5-year survival for Stage I, 70-90% Grade 1 tumors have an excellent 5-year survival (87-94%) Grade 3 tumors more likely to have metastatic disease to pelvis or lymph nodes Treatment choices for an adequately staged Stage I ovarian cancer vary according to grade, stage, positive cytology and age of patient

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Vergote I et al. Prognostic importance of degree of differentiation and cyst rupture in stage I invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Lancet 2001; 357:176-82. Large, retrospective study undertaken to identify prognostic factors in Stage I EOC Databases from UK, Canada, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Austria

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) 1545 patients Excluded- Stage II or greater disease LMP tumors Adhesive disease/microscopic invasion of adjacent pelvic structures (classified as Stage II or III) Concurrent or previous malignant disease Surgery- Hysterectomy, BSO and infracolic omentectomy Peritoneal washings or biopsies were not routinely performed Pelvic and para aortic LNS was not routinely performed The ovarian capsule was examined for rupture and excrescences (microscopic or macroscopic). The occurrence and timing of ovarian rupture was also recorded as preoperative or during surgery.

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Adjuvant therapy Observation Cisplatin Alkylating agents Anthracyclines IP P32 Whole abdominal radiation Radiation with or without alkylating agent Results Median follow up 72 months 345 (22.3%) recurred 5-year DFS 80.4%

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Conclusions: - Grade is most powerful prognostic indicator in Stage I EOC. - Rupture should be avoided during primary surgery of malignant ovarian tumors confined to the ovaries.

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Bell J et al. Randomized phase III trial of three versus six cycles of adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel in early stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2006: 102: 432-9. GOG #157 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate 3 vs. 6 cycles of adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel with regard to recurrence rate of early stage EOC

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Methods- Eligibility: Stage IA, grade 3 Stage IB, grade 3 Stage IC, any grade Stage II, any grade, complete resection Clear cell histology Surgery total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy resection of all gross disease aspiration of free peritoneal fluid/peritoneal washings for cytology infracolic omentectomy selective bilateral pelvic and aortic node dissections peritoneal biopsies from four pelvic locations and bilateral paracolic areas Treatment 3 cycles of Carboplatin (AUC 7.5) and Taxol (175 mg/m2) Q21 days 6 cycle of Carboplatin (AUC 7.5) and Taxol (175 mg/m2) Q21 days

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Methods- “The study design provided an 85% chance of identifying a treatment regimen as active if it reduced the recurrence rate 50% when the type I error was set to 0.05 for a one-tail test. This treatment effect is comparable to increasing the expected percentage of patients who are recurrence-free at 4 years from 80.6% to 89.8%.”

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- 427 women enrolled Median age 55 126/427 (29%) had less than adequate staging Stage I, 293/427 (69%) Stage II, 134/427 (31%) Histology Serous, 97/427 (22.7%) Endometrioid, 105/427 (24.5%) Clear Cell, 130/427 (30.4%) Grade 3, 267/427 (62.5%)

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- Toxicity Neurotoxicity (Gr 3-4): 2% 3 cycle vs. 11% 6 cycle p<0.01 Neutropenia (Gr 4): 52% 3 cycles vs. 66% 6 cycles p<0.01 Anemia (Gr 2>): 32% 3 cycle vs. 48% 6 cycle p<0.01

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- Median duration of follow-up 6.8 years Estimated cumulative incidence of cancer recurring within 5 years 25.4% (3 cycles) vs. 20.1% (6 cycles) Adjusting stage and grade, 24% less recurrence rate for patients treated with 6 cycles [HR 0.761, (95% CI=0.512–1.13) p=0.18] Estimated probability of surviving 5 years 81% (3 cycles) vs. 83% (6 cycles) [HR 1.02; (95% CI=0.662–1.57) p=0.94]. No difference in recurrence rate between incompletely staged and completely staged patients

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Conclusions from GOG #157 No difference in recurrence or survival with 6 cycles of C/T vs. 3 cycles of C/T Significantly more neurotoxicity, neutropenia and anemia with 6 cycles Trend toward less recurrence with 6 cycles Study designed to capture large differences in recurrence Personal Caveat I treat young, healthy patients with 6 cycles; I treat older, unhealthy patients with 3 cycles

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Chan JK et al. Prognostic factors for high-risk early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 2008; 112: 2202-10. Retrospective study, compiled data from GOG #95 and GOG #157 Purpose is to identify risk factors for recurrence and survival Eligible patients: Stage IA, grade 3 Stage IB, grade 3 Stage IC, any grade Stage II, any grade, complete resection Clear cell histology All patients had full surgical staging

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- 506 patients Median age 56 Stage I, 347/506 (68.6%) Stage II, 159/506 (31.4%) 140 recurrences (28%) 158 deaths (30%) 5-year PFS 76% 5-year OS 82%

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- Multivariate analysis revealed: Age >60 [HR 1.57, (95% CI, 1.12- 2.19)] Stage II [HR 2.70, (95% CI, 1.41- 5.76)] Grade 2 [HR 1.84, (95% CI, 1.04- 3.27)] Grade 3 [HR 2.47, (95% CI, 1.39- 4.37)] Positive cytology [HR 1.72, (95% CI, 1.21- 2.45)] Independent predictors of recurrence

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- Prognostic model for recurrence (one point given for each factor) Age >60 Stage II Grade 2,3/Clear Cell Positive cytology Low-risk (0-1) Intermediate (2) High-risk (3-4) PFS Low-risk 88% Intermediate 71% High-risk 62% p<0.001 OS Low-risk 88% Intermediate 82% High-risk 75% p<0.001

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Conclusions- Age >60, Stage II, Grade 2-3/clear cell and positive cytology are independent risk-factors for recurrence Women with multiple factors should be considered for novel therapies Example- 6 cycles of C/T rather than 3 cycles

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Trimbos JB et al. International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm Trial 1 (ICON 1) and Adjuvant ChemoTherapy In Ovarian Neoplasm Trial (ACTION): two parallel randomized phase III trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early-Stage ovarian carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:105-12. Phase III, randomized, controlled trial European Study Objective- compare platinum-based chemotherapy versus observation following surgery for early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Methods- Eligibility (ACTION): Stage IA, grade 2 or 3 Stage IB, grade 2 or 3 Stage IC, any grade Stage II, any grade, complete resection Clear cell histology Comprehensive Surgical staging Eligibility (ICON 1): Stage I or II EOC Surgery-hysterectomy/BSO/infracolic omentectomy Treatment ACTION: at least 4 cycles of a platinum-agent (single or combination) ICON 1: 6 cycles of a platinum-agent (single agent carboplatin or Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and Cisplatin VERSUS Observation

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Methods- Primary endpoint, OS Secondary endpoint, PFS

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- 925 women enrolled 13 nations 124 cancer centers ACTION- 448 ICON 1- 477 Median age 55 Groups equal for age, Stage, histology and grade

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Results- Median duration of follow-up 4 years 181 patients died: 78 in ACTION 103 in ICON1 245 patients had recurrence of disease: 112 in ACTION 133 in ICON1 5-year OS 82% (chemotherapy) vs. 74% (observation) [HR 0.67, (95% CI=0.5–0.9) p=0.008] 5-year PFS 76% (chemotherapy) vs. 65% (observation) [HR 0.64; (95% CI=0.5–0.84) p=0.001]

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Early ovarian cancer (Stage I) Conclusions Adjuvant chemotherapy with a platinum agent significantly improves OS and PFS compared to observation

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Summary of early ovarian cancer Observation: Stage IA, grade 1-2 Stage IB, grade 1-2 Chemotherapy (3-6 cycles) Stage IA, grade 3 Stage IB, grade 3 Stage IC any grade Stage II

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Advanced ovarian cancer (Stage III, Stage IV) Despite the best efforts at early detection, 70-80% of women will be diagnosed with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer Prognosis is poor 25-35% 5-year survival, 10% 10-year survival Maximal effort/time/expense has been dedicated to better screening and more effective therapy Over the past 20 years, we have not been successful in changing the survival rate…

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Advanced ovarian cancer (Stage III, Stage IV) Key topics for advanced ovarian cancer Cytoreduction History of GOG studies/rise of Carboplatin/Taxol Intraperitoneal chemotherapy Consolidation chemotherapy Dense dose chemotherapy Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

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Cytoreductive Surgery Hoskins WJ et al. The effect of diameter of largest residual disease on survival after primary cytoreductive surgery in patients with suboptimal residual epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 174-9. GOG #97, Phase III trial One of the first studies to evaluate largest residual disease on survival Compared cisplatin (50 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2) for 8 cycles vs. cisplatin (100 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (1000 mg/m2) for 4 cycles Stage III of IV ovarian cancer, suboptimal cytoreduction > 1 cm residual disease

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Cytoreductive Surgery 294 women were enrolled Multivariate analysis RR of dying Residual disease < 2 cm, RR 1.00 Residual disease 2-2.9 cm, RR 1.90 Residual disease 3-3.9 cm, RR 1.91 Residual disease 4-5.9 cm, RR 1.74 Residual disease 6-7.9 cm, RR 1.85 Residual disease 8-8.9 cm, RR 2.16 Residual disease ≥ 10 cm, RR 1.82 Significant difference in survival between women with < 2 cm of residual disease and those with ≥ 2 cm of residual disease (p<0.01) No significant risk of dying between groups with residual disease ≥ 2 cm of disease Conclusion “Among patients with suboptimal disease (> 1 cm of residual disease) EOC, those who have a small diameter residual disease (<2 cm) tend to survive longer than those who have larger residual disease”

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Cytoreductive Surgery Eisenkop SM et al. Complete cytoreductive surgery is feasible and maximizes survival in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a prospective study. Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69: 103-8. Prospective study designed to determine the feasibility of cytoreducing Stage III and Stage IV EOC 166 patients enrolled between 1990-96 2 patients were excluded because of anesthetic concerns 1 patient refused surgery (religious reasons)

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Cytoreductive Surgery Procedures performed to achieve cytoreduction: Infracolic/gastrocolic omentectomy (163, 100%) TAH/BSO (162, 98.8%) Retroperitoneal LAD (153, 93.2%) Peritoneal implant ablation (145, 89%) Resection of rectosigmoid colon with anastomosis (85, 52%) Diaphragmatic stripping (66, 40.5%) Extrapelvic bowel surgery (32, 19.6%) Splenectomy, hepatectomy, distal pancreatectomy, urologic, abdominal wall (30, 19%)

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Cytoreductive Surgery Morbidity included any untoward event within 30 days of surgery Mortality included any death within 30 days of surgery All patients received cisplatin (50-100 mg/m2) or carboplatin (AUC 5-7) within 6 weeks of surgery Most patients received cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2) During last 24 months of surgery, patients received paclitaxel (135 mg/m2)

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Cytoreductive Surgery 139 (85.3%) had no macroscopic disease 22 (13%) had ≤ 1 cm of disease remaining 2 (1.2%) had disease > 1 cm Mean operative time 254 minutes (75-435) Mean EBL 1190 ml (100-6000) Median hospital stay 12 days (2-61) 3 (1.8%) patients died within 30 days of surgery

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Cytoreductive Surgery Overall median survival 54 months Estimated 5-year survival 48% Multivariate analysis revealed the following independent predictors of survival: Age ≤ 61 vs > 61 (p=0.003) Stage IIIC vs. IV (p=0.04) Ascites ≤ 1L vs. > 1L (p=0.01) Any remaining disease (p=0.02) Conclusion Complete cytoreduction is feasible and improves survival

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Cytoreductive Surgery Winters WE et al. Prognostic factors for Stage III epithelial ovarian cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3621-7. Retrospective analysis of Stage III EOC: GOG studies #111, #114, #132, #152, #158 and #172 All patients treated with platinum and paclitaxel 1895 women were evaluated Patients divided into three groups Microscopic residual disease 0.1-1 cm of residual disease > 1 cm of residual disease

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Cytoreductive Surgery Results: Median age 57 73.5% serous histology 52% grade 3 Microscopic residual 437 patients (23.1%) 0.1 - 1 cm 791 patients (41.7%) > 1 cm 667 patients (35.2%)

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Cytoreductive Surgery For the entire group overall median PFS (17.1 mo) and OS (45.3 mo) Age, PS, tumor histology, and residual tumor volume were independent predictors of prognosis in patients with Stage III EOC. Increasing age was associated with increased risk of progression [HR 1.06 (95% CI, 1.02-1.11)] and death [HR 1.11 (95% CI, 1.06-1.18)] Mucinous or clear-cell histology was associated with a worse PFS and OS compared with serous carcinomas Compared with patients with microscopic residual disease: Risk of recurrence 0.1-1 cm (HR 1.96; 95% CI, 1.70-2.26; P<0.001) > 1cm (HR 2.36; 95% CI, 2.04-2.73; P<0.001) Risk of death 0.1-1 cm (HR 2.11; 95% CI, 1.78-2.49; P<0.001) > 1 cm (HR 2.47; 95% CI, 2.09-2.92; P<0.001) Conclusion Cytoreduction to microscopic residual disease improves PFS and OS among Stage III EOC patients

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Cytoreductive Surgery Winters WE et al. Tumor residual after surgical cytoreduction in prediction of clinical outcome in Stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 83-9. Retrospective analysis of Stage IV EOC: GOG studies #111, #132, #152 and #162 All patients treated with platinum and paclitaxel 360 women were evaluated

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Cytoreductive Surgery Results: Median age 59 74% serous histology 62% grade 3 Median size of residual disease 3 cm 29 patients (8%) had microscopic residual disease 107 patients (30%) had ≤ 1 cm of residual disease 89 patients (24%) had ≥ 5 cm of residual disease Malignant pleural effusion was most common cause for Stage IV EOC (48%)

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Cytoreductive Surgery Microscopic residual disease had best prognosis 0.1-1 cm and 1.1 cm to 5 cm of residual disease had similar PFS and OS > 5cm of residual disease had worst prognosis For the entire group overall median PFS (12 mo) and OS (29 mo) Median OS microscopic residual 64 mo 0.1-5 cm residual 30 mo > 5 cm 19 mo Conclusion Cytoreduction to microscopic residual disease can improve survival among Stage IV EOC patients

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Cytoreductive Surgery Further studies by Eisenkop (2003), Bristow (2002, 2006) and Chi (2008) all support the value of optimal cytoreductive surgery. Optimal cytoreduction has been shown to increase platinum sensitivity Chi et al. The effect of maximal surgical cytoreduction on sensitivity to platinum-taxane chemotherapy and subsequent survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 108: 276-81. Every effort should be given to achieve microscopic residual disease while balancing the unique co-morbidities of the patient Food for thought… Should a 78-year-old patient with O2 dependent COPD/DM/HTN/A-fib undergo an ovarian cancer debulking, hepatectomy, splenectomy and low anterior resection of rectosigmoid colon?

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Historical GOG trials McGuire WP et al. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. NEJM 1996; 334: 1-6. GOG #111 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate the response between 6 cycles of cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m2) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2) Q 21 days vs. 6 cycles of paclitaxel (135 mg/m2) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2) Q 21 days

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Historical GOG trials Methods- Eligibility: Stage III Stage IV Residual disease > 1cm Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization Secondary endpoint OS- measured from the date of randomization

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Historical GOG trials Results 386 patients Majority of patients Stage III Grade 3 Serous adenocarcinoma

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Historical GOG trials Conclusion For suboptimally debulked Stage III and Stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer, Paclitaxel and Cisplatin provides a superior OS and PFS compared with Cyclophosphamide and Cisplatin Standard of care shifted to Paclitaxel and Cisplatin

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Historical GOG trials Muggia FM et al. Phase III randomized study of cisplatin versus paclitaxel versus cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with suboptimal stage III or IV ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 106-15. GOG #132 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate differences in response between paclitaxel (135 mg/m2) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2) cisplatin (100 mg/m2) paclitaxel (200 mg/m2)

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Historical GOG trials Methods- Eligibility: Stage III Stage IV Residual disease > 1cm Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization Secondary endpoint OS- measured from the date of randomization

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Historical GOG trials Results 648 patients Majority of patients Stage III (~70%) Grade 3 (53%) Serous adenocarcinoma (70%)

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Historical GOG trials Conclusion “Cisplatin alone or in combination yielded superior response rates and PFS relative to paclitaxel.” OS was similar in all three arms Combination therapy had a better toxicity profile Standard of care continued to be Paclitaxel and Cisplatin

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Historical GOG trials Ozols RF et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected Stage III ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3194-3200. GOG #158 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- non-inferiority trial to evaluate the efficacy of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel vs. Cisplatin and Paclitaxel

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Historical GOG trials Methods- Eligibility: Stage III No residual disease > 1cm Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization Statistics set to determine a moderate difference in efficacy (carboplatin arm), a HR 1.25 would be detectable with 80% power Secondary endpoint OS- measured from the date of randomization Treatment groups Cisplatin (75 mg/m2) and paclitaxel (135 mg/m2, 24 hour infusion) Q 21 days Carboplatin (AUC 7.5) and paclitaxel (175 mg/m2, 3hour infusion) Q 21 days

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Historical GOG trials Results 792 patients Serous histology (~70%) Grade 3 (55%) Microscopic/no residual disease (36%) 50% (393) of patients had a second look laparotomy (SLL) 50% (160) patients had a negative SLL

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Historical GOG trials Conclusions “the combination of carboplatin plus paclitaxel is not inferior to cisplatin plus paclitaxel with regard to PFS and survival in patients with small-volume stage III epithelial ovarian cancer.” “This trial was not designed to determine whether the carboplatin regimen was superior to the cisplatin regimen. Nonetheless, the 16% reduced risk of death is of interest because it is suggestive that carboplatin may provide a slight increase in efficacy over cisplatin.”

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SCOTROC trial Vasey PA et al. Phase III randomized trial of docetaxel–carboplatin versus paclitaxel–carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1682-91. Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- evaluate the efficacy of Docetaxol and Carboplatin vs. Carboplatin and Paclitaxel

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SCOTROC trial Methods- Eligibility: Stage IC-IV Residual disease > 2 cm could be enrolled Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization The study was designed with an 80% power to detect a difference of 25% in median progression-free survival (from 17 to 21.25 months) Secondary endpoint OS- measured from the date of randomization Treatment groups Carboplatin (AUC 5) and Docetaxel (75 mg/m2, 1 hour infusion) Q 21 days Carboplatin (AUC 5) and Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2, 3hour infusion) Q 21 days

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SCOTROC trial Results 1077 patients Stage III/IV (80%) Serous histology (44%) Residual disease Microscopic (33%) ≤ 2 cm (30%) > 2cm (37%)

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SCOTROC trial Conclusions Docetaxel and Carboplatin have equal efficacy as Paclitaxel and Carboplatin Docetaxel and Carboplatin have significant neutropenia and less neuropathy and hypersensitivity

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Historical GOG trials Bookman MA et al. Evaluation of new platinum-based treatment regimens in advanced-stage ovarian cancer: a Phase III trial of the Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 1419-25. GOG #182/ICON-5 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate the addition of a third chemotherapy to Carboplatin and Paclitaxel

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Historical GOG trials Methods- Eligibility: Stage III/IV Optimal residual disease ≤ 1cm Suboptimal residual disease >1 cm Primary endpoint OS- measured from the date of randomization determined by pair wise comparison to the reference arm, with a 90% chance of detecting a true hazard ratio of 1.33 that limited type I error to 5% (two-tail) for the four comparisons Secondary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization

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Historical GOG trials Treatment groups: Carboplatin (AUC 6) D1 and Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) D1 Q 21 days 8 cycles Carboplatin (AUC 5) D1, Gemcitabine (800 mg/m2) D1,8 and Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) D1 Q 21 days for 8 cycles Carboplatin (AUC 5) D1, Doxil (30 mg/m2) D1 and Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) D1 Q 21 days for 4 cycles and Carboplatin (AUC 5) D1 and Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) D1 Q 21 days 4 cycles Carboplatin (AUC 5) D1, Topotecan (1.25 mg/m2) D1,2,3 for 4 cycles and Carboplatin (AUC 6) D1 and Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) D1 Q 21 days 4 cycles Carboplatin (AUC 6) D8 and Gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) D1,8 for 4 cycles and Carboplatin (AUC 6) D1 and Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) D1 Q 21 days 4 cycles

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Historical GOG trials PFS CP HR 1.00 Reference CPG HR 1.028 (95% CI 0.924-1.143), p=0.610 CPD HR 0.984 (95% CI 0.884-1.095), p=0.796 CT + CP HR 1.066 (95% CI 0.958-1.186), p=0.239 CG + CP HR 1.037 (95% CI 0.932-1.153), p=0.503 OS CP HR 1.00 Reference CPG HR 1.006 (95% CI 0.885-1.144), p=0.923 CPD HR 0.952 (95% CI 0.836-1.085), p=0.462 CT + CP HR 1.051 (95% CI 0.925-1.194), p=0.447 CG + CP HR 1.114 (95% CI 0.982-1.264), p=0.093 No statistical difference in PFS or OS with any regimen Median duration of follow-up 3.7 years For the entire group: PFS 16 mo and OS 44.1 mo Categorized by residual disease: Microscopic PFS 29 mo and OS 68 mo < 1cm PFS 16 mo and OS 40 mo > 1cm PFS 13 mo and OS 33 mo

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Historical GOG trials Conclusions “Compared with standard paclitaxel and carboplatin, addition of a third cytotoxic agent provided no benefit in PFS or OS after optimal or suboptimal cytoreduction.”

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Historical GOG trials Points Cisplatin/Paclitaxel became standard of care for ovarian cancer in 1996 (GOG #111) Platinum agents are the single most effective agents (GOG #132) Carboplatin/Paclitaxel is not inferior to Cisplatin/Paclitaxel; in fact, it might be superior (GOG #158) Docetaxel/Carboplatin can be substituted for Paclitaxel/Carboplatin without compromising efficacy (SCOTROC) The addition of a third chemotherapy does not improve OS or PFS (GOG #182)

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Alberts DS et al. Intraperitoneal cisplatin plus intravenous cyclophosphamide versus intravenous cisplatin plus intravenous cyclophosphamide for Stage III ovarian cancer. NEJM 1996; 335: 1950-5. GOG #104 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate IP cisplatin versus IV cisplatin for Stage III EOC

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Methods- Eligibility: Stage III Residual disease < 2cm Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization Secondary endpoint OS- measured from the date of randomization Treatment groups Cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) IV and Cisplatin (100 mg/m2) IV Q 21 days for 6 cycles Cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) IV and Cisplatin (100 mg/m2) IP Q 21 days for 6 cycles

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Results 546 patients Serous histology (66%) Grade 3 (58%) Residual disease ≤ 0.5 cm (72%) 75% of patients finished 4 cycles of IP chemotherapy

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Conclusions “As compared with intravenous cisplatin, intraperitoneal cisplatin significantly improves survival and has significantly fewer toxic effects in patients with stage III ovarian cancer and residual tumor masses of 2 cm or less.” This study was lost among the hoopla of GOG #111, which was released 1 month earlier. GOG #104 had a better OS but all the patients enrolled had residual disease < 2cm

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Markman M et al. Phase III trial of standard-dose intravenous cisplatin plus paclitaxel versus moderately high-dose carboplatin followed by intravenous paclitaxel and intraperitoneal cisplatin in small-volume Stage III ovarian carcinoma: an intergroup study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group, Southwestern Oncology Group, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1001-7. GOG #114 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate PFS and OS among women with Stage III EOC being treated by IV cisplatin and paclitaxel versus IV carboplatin, paclitaxel and IP cisplatin for Stage III EOC

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Methods- Eligibility: Stage III Residual disease ≤ 1cm Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization OS- measured from the date of randomization Treatment groups Paclitaxel (135 mg/m2 for 24 hours) IV and Cisplatin (75 mg/m2) IV Q 21 days for 6 cycles Carboplatin (AUC 9) IV Q28 days for 2 cycles then Paclitaxel (135 mg/m2 for 24 hours) IV and Cisplatin (100 mg/m2) IP Q 21 days for 6 cycles

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Results 462 patients Serous histology (66%) Grade 3 (48%) Microscopic residual disease (35%) 76% of patients finished 4 cycles of IP chemotherapy

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Conclusions “it was recognized that a better result for the experimental arm would not give a clear answer about IP cisplatin separate from the effect of IV carboplatin, and vice versa. Rather, it was hoped that a major advancement in the management of ovarian cancer might be achieved by combining these two strategies.” “The actual outcome has been a modest advance, with a significant improvement in PFS and borderline significant improvement in survival, but with greater toxicity”. Opponents of IP chemotherapy argue that the carboplatin is responsible for the improved PFS

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Armstrong DK et al. Intraperitoneal cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer. NEJM 2006; 354: 34-43. GOG #172 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate PFS and OS among women with Stage III EOC being treated by IV cisplatin and paclitaxel versus IV paclitaxel and IP cisplatin, paclitaxel for Stage III EOC

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Methods- Eligibility: Stage III Residual disease ≤ 1cm Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization OS- measured from the date of randomization Treatment groups Paclitaxel (135 mg/m2 for 24 hours) IV and Cisplatin (75 mg/m2) IV Q 21 days for 6 cycles Paclitaxel (135 mg/m2 for 24 hours) IV and Cisplatin (100 mg/m2) IP D2, Paclitaxel (60 mg/m2) IP D8 Q 21 days for 6 cycles

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Results 415 patients Serous histology (86%) Grade 3 (51%) Microscopic residual disease (37%) 52% of patients finished less than 4 cycles of IP chemotherapy

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Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Conclusions IP chemotherapy had a significantly better PFS and OS for women with optimally cytoreduced Stage III EOC Significant toxicity with IP chemotherapy (only 40% of women completed 6 cycles) Most patients had abdominal port/catheter issues that resulted in conversion to IV carboplatin rather than IP chemotherapy Opponents of IP chemotherapy argue that the IP regimen is not being compared to the current standard of care (Carboplatin and Taxol) Proponents argue that Cisplatin and Taxol is equally effective as Carboplatin and Taxol (GOG #158)

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Consolidation Chemotherapy Markman M et al. Phase III randomized trial of 12 versus 3 months of maintenance paclitaxel in patients with advanced ovarian cancer after complete response to platinum and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy: a Southwest Oncology Group and Gynecologic Oncology Group Trial. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 2460-5. GOG #178 Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate PFS among women with advanced ovarian cancer the efficacy of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel vs. Cisplatin and Paclitaxel

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Consolidation Chemotherapy Methods- Eligibility: Stage III Stage IV Treatment with 5-6 cycles of platinum/paclitaxel Clinical complete response (normal exam, normal CT scan, CA-125 ≤35) Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization “The median PFS after a clinical complete response to induction therapy for the control arm was estimated to be approximately 16 months for those with Stage IV or suboptimal ( 1 cm residual) Stage III disease and 24 months for Stage III patients with optimal ( 1 cm residual) disease”. “A one-sided log-rank test at .05 significance level, the power to detect a hazard ratio of 1.33 in PFS is approximately 0.85”. Treatment groups Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2, 3 hour infusion) Q 28 days for 3 cycles Paclitaxel (175 mg/m2, 3 hour infusion) Q 28 days for 12 cycles

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Consolidation Chemotherapy Results 262 patients Optimal Stage III (66%) Suboptimal Stage III (20%) Stage IV (14%)

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Consolidation Chemotherapy Conclusions 12 cycles of consolidation paclitaxel significantly increases PFS Once consolidation chemotherapy ended, high rate of recurrences documented Issues with study Lack of QOL (study designed in 1997) Poor documentation of neuropathy Rationale for 3 months of paclitaxel was to encourage women to enroll rather than choose a study which had a “no further therapy arm” Study prematurely closed secondary to significant increase in PFS with 12 cycles of chemotherapy

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Consolidation Chemotherapy Markman M et al. Pretreatment CA-125 and risk of relapse in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 1454-8. Retrospective study analyzing PFS among patients with consolidation chemotherapy and a CA-125 ≤ 35. Two studies- GOG #178 and oral altretamine study

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Consolidation Chemotherapy Conclusion Patients with pre-maintenance baseline CA-125 values ≤ 10 have a superior PFS compared with higher levels in the normal CA-125 range

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Dose-dense Chemotherapy Katsumata N et al. Dose-dense paclitaxel once a week in combination with carboplatin every 3 weeks for advanced ovarian cancer: a phase 3, open label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 1331-8. Phase III, randomized, controlled trial Objective- to evaluate PFS between dose-dense paclitaxel and carboplatin compared to standard paclitaxel and carboplatin

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Dose-dense Chemotherapy Methods- Eligibility: Stage II-IV Residual disease > 1cm included Primary endpoint PFS- measured from the date of randomization Secondary endpoint OS- measured from the date of randomization Response rate Adverse events Treatment groups Paclitaxel (180 mg/m2, 3 hour infusion) and Carboplatin (AUC 6) IV Q 21 days for 6 cycles Paclitaxel (80 mg/m2, 1 hour infusion) D1,8,15 and Carboplatin (AUC 6) D1 IV Q 21 days for 6 cycles

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Dose-dense Chemotherapy Results 632 patients Stage II (19%) III (66%) IV (15%) Serous histology (56%) Grade 3 (24%) Residual disease ≤ 1 cm (46%) Primary debulking surgery (89%)

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Dose-dense Chemotherapy Conclusions Dose-dense paclitaxel significantly improved PFS and OS 29% lower risk of progression 25% lower risk of death Low toxicity (anemia) Median follow-up 42 months, median over-all survival has not yet been reached in either group

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Treatment for Stage III/IV ovarian cancer