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Slide 1 - Motivation
Slide 2 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139
Slide 3 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov
Slide 4 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects
Slide 5 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs Catalysis by nanoscale materials Using interfaces to manipulate energy carriers Linking structures and function at the nanoscale Assembly and architecture of nanoscale structures Theory, modeling, and simulation for energy nanosciences Scalable synthesis methods National Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March, 2004
Slide 6 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs Catalysis by nanoscale materials Using interfaces to manipulate energy carriers Linking structures and function at the nanoscale Assembly and architecture of nanoscale structures Theory, modeling, and simulation for energy nanosciences Scalable synthesis methods National Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March, 2004 Examples Grätzel cell for photovoltaic generation and water splitting Catalytic nanostructured hydrogen storage materials Radiation transport to maximize absorption Two phase flow Electrochemical transport Multiscale, multiphysics transport Mass transport Heat transfer (intake and release) Small scale thermodynamics Two phase flow Multiscale and multiphysics
Slide 7 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs Catalysis by nanoscale materials Using interfaces to manipulate energy carriers Linking structures and function at the nanoscale Assembly and architecture of nanoscale structures Theory, modeling, and simulation for energy nanosciences Scalable synthesis methods National Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March, 2004 Examples Grätzel cell for photovoltaic generation and water splitting Catalytic nanostructured hydrogen storage materials Radiation transport to maximize absorption Two phase flow Electrochemical transport Multiscale, multiphysics transport Mass transport Heat transfer (intake and release) Small scale thermodynamics Two phase flow Multiscale and multiphysics Thermoelectrics Devices Figure of Merit: Thermal Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Seebeck Coefficient Critical Challenges: Reduce phonon heat conduction while maintaining or enhancing electron transport Electron Phonon Power Generation: T(hot)=500 C, T (cold)=50 C ZT=1, Efficiency = 8 % ZT=3, Efficiency =17 % ZT=5, Efficiency =22 % Refrigeration
Slide 8 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs Catalysis by nanoscale materials Using interfaces to manipulate energy carriers Linking structures and function at the nanoscale Assembly and architecture of nanoscale structures Theory, modeling, and simulation for energy nanosciences Scalable synthesis methods National Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March, 2004 Examples Grätzel cell for photovoltaic generation and water splitting Catalytic nanostructured hydrogen storage materials Radiation transport to maximize absorption Two phase flow Electrochemical transport Multiscale, multiphysics transport Mass transport Heat transfer (intake and release) Small scale thermodynamics Two phase flow Multiscale and multiphysics Thermoelectrics Devices Figure of Merit: Thermal Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Seebeck Coefficient Critical Challenges: Reduce phonon heat conduction while maintaining or enhancing electron transport Electron Phonon Power Generation: T(hot)=500 C, T (cold)=50 C ZT=1, Efficiency = 8 % ZT=3, Efficiency =17 % ZT=5, Efficiency =22 % Refrigeration Nanoscale Effects for Thermoelectrics Electron Phonon Interfaces that Scatter Phonons but not Electrons Molecular Dynamics (Freund)
Slide 9 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs Catalysis by nanoscale materials Using interfaces to manipulate energy carriers Linking structures and function at the nanoscale Assembly and architecture of nanoscale structures Theory, modeling, and simulation for energy nanosciences Scalable synthesis methods National Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March, 2004 Examples Grätzel cell for photovoltaic generation and water splitting Catalytic nanostructured hydrogen storage materials Radiation transport to maximize absorption Two phase flow Electrochemical transport Multiscale, multiphysics transport Mass transport Heat transfer (intake and release) Small scale thermodynamics Two phase flow Multiscale and multiphysics Thermoelectrics Devices Figure of Merit: Thermal Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Seebeck Coefficient Critical Challenges: Reduce phonon heat conduction while maintaining or enhancing electron transport Electron Phonon Power Generation: T(hot)=500 C, T (cold)=50 C ZT=1, Efficiency = 8 % ZT=3, Efficiency =17 % ZT=5, Efficiency =22 % Refrigeration Nanoscale Effects for Thermoelectrics Electron Phonon Interfaces that Scatter Phonons but not Electrons Molecular Dynamics (Freund) State-of-the-Art in Thermoelectrics
Slide 10 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs Catalysis by nanoscale materials Using interfaces to manipulate energy carriers Linking structures and function at the nanoscale Assembly and architecture of nanoscale structures Theory, modeling, and simulation for energy nanosciences Scalable synthesis methods National Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March, 2004 Examples Grätzel cell for photovoltaic generation and water splitting Catalytic nanostructured hydrogen storage materials Radiation transport to maximize absorption Two phase flow Electrochemical transport Multiscale, multiphysics transport Mass transport Heat transfer (intake and release) Small scale thermodynamics Two phase flow Multiscale and multiphysics Thermoelectrics Devices Figure of Merit: Thermal Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Seebeck Coefficient Critical Challenges: Reduce phonon heat conduction while maintaining or enhancing electron transport Electron Phonon Power Generation: T(hot)=500 C, T (cold)=50 C ZT=1, Efficiency = 8 % ZT=3, Efficiency =17 % ZT=5, Efficiency =22 % Refrigeration Nanoscale Effects for Thermoelectrics Electron Phonon Interfaces that Scatter Phonons but not Electrons Molecular Dynamics (Freund) State-of-the-Art in Thermoelectrics Gasoline 100 kJ 10kJ 30kJ 35kJ Parasitic heat losses Coolant Exhaust 9kJ 10kJ 6kJ Auxiliary Driving Mechanical losses Coolant Exhaust Gasoline 100kJ 10kJ 30kJ 35kJ 9kJ 10kJ 6kJ Auxiliary Driving Mechanical losses Parasitic heat losses Exhaust 10% energy conversion efficiency = 26% increase in useful energy In US, transportation uses ~26% of total energy. Heating Refrigeration & Appliances TPV & TE Recovery PV Electricity Oil or Nat’l Gas Entropy Thermal Power Electrical Power Heating Refrigeration & Appliances Losses Electricity Oil or Nat’l Gas Entropy Thermal Power Electrical Power Potential Applications Transportation In US, residential and commercial buildings consume ~35% energy supply Residential
Slide 11 - Motivation Energy and Nanotechnology Gang Chen Rohsenow Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Sources http://www.sc.doe.gov Nano for Energy Increased surface area Interface and size effects Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs Catalysis by nanoscale materials Using interfaces to manipulate energy carriers Linking structures and function at the nanoscale Assembly and architecture of nanoscale structures Theory, modeling, and simulation for energy nanosciences Scalable synthesis methods National Nanotechnology Initiative Grand Challenge Workshop, March, 2004 Examples Grätzel cell for photovoltaic generation and water splitting Catalytic nanostructured hydrogen storage materials Radiation transport to maximize absorption Two phase flow Electrochemical transport Multiscale, multiphysics transport Mass transport Heat transfer (intake and release) Small scale thermodynamics Two phase flow Multiscale and multiphysics Thermoelectrics Devices Figure of Merit: Thermal Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Seebeck Coefficient Critical Challenges: Reduce phonon heat conduction while maintaining or enhancing electron transport Electron Phonon Power Generation: T(hot)=500 C, T (cold)=50 C ZT=1, Efficiency = 8 % ZT=3, Efficiency =17 % ZT=5, Efficiency =22 % Refrigeration Nanoscale Effects for Thermoelectrics Electron Phonon Interfaces that Scatter Phonons but not Electrons Molecular Dynamics (Freund) State-of-the-Art in Thermoelectrics Gasoline 100 kJ 10kJ 30kJ 35kJ Parasitic heat losses Coolant Exhaust 9kJ 10kJ 6kJ Auxiliary Driving Mechanical losses Coolant Exhaust Gasoline 100kJ 10kJ 30kJ 35kJ 9kJ 10kJ 6kJ Auxiliary Driving Mechanical losses Parasitic heat losses Exhaust 10% energy conversion efficiency = 26% increase in useful energy In US, transportation uses ~26% of total energy. Heating Refrigeration & Appliances TPV & TE Recovery PV Electricity Oil or Nat’l Gas Entropy Thermal Power Electrical Power Heating Refrigeration & Appliances Losses Electricity Oil or Nat’l Gas Entropy Thermal Power Electrical Power Potential Applications Transportation In US, residential and commercial buildings consume ~35% energy supply Residential Challenges and Opportunities Mass production of nanomaterials Energy systems: high heat flux
 

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