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Elaines talk on bacteria PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide 1 - From the molecules of life, to the simpler organisms Paula B. Matheus Carnevali Part I
Slide 2 - Outline The first organisms Classification systems The major divisions of life Phylogeny of bacteria Prokaryotic cell structure and function Gram negative vs. Gram positive
Slide 3 - Cartoon of the tree of life Figure 1. Last Universal Common Ancestor
Slide 4 - Figure 2. Fossilized bacteria. a) Archean Apex, 3.5 billion yrs old, b) Gloeodiniopsis, 1.5 billion yrs old, c) Palaeolyngbya, 950 million yrs old. From Prescott et al., 2005 The first cellular life whose descendants ultimately survived, appeared at least 2 billion years ago and probably much earlier
Slide 5 - Which of its two most vital substances did life acquire first, proteins or DNA?Ribozymes Figure 3. The mechanism of action of the ribozymes. From Essential cell biology, 2/e, 2004, Garland Science
Slide 6 - Characteristics of the first organisms Self-replicating systems Use of DNA to store heritable information Use of proteins to express information Cellular forms Cellular membranes
Slide 7 - Classification of organisms Taxonomy is the science of biological classification. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa (s. taxon) based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness. Nomenclature is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the assignment of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules. Identification is the process of determining that a particular isolate belongs to a recognized taxon. Systematics is the scientific study of organisms with the ultimate object of characterizing and arranging them in an orderly manner.
Slide 8 - Some remarkable discoveries in microbiology Aristotle first classified living things in Plants and Animals Bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. The invention of the Electron Microscope allowed for the distinction between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells In the 1960s Robert Whittaker presented the five kingdoms system of classification including Fungi Based on 16S rDNA Carl Woese and his collaborators suggested that prokaryotes were divided into two distinct groups very early on, and presented the Three domain system including Archaea
Slide 9 - Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes From Prescott et al., 2005 Table 1. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Slide 10 - Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Figure 4. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure. (a) The prokaryote Bacillus megaterium, (b) The eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a deflagellated cell. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 11 - Whittaker’s 5-Kingdom system It lacks distinction between Archaea and bacteria. The kingdom Protista also may be too diverse to be taxonomically useful. The boundaries between kingdoms are ill-defined Figure 5. The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 12 - Major characteristics used in taxonomy Classical Characteristics: Morphological characteristics Physiological and metabolic characteristics Ecological characteristics Genetic analysis Molecular characteristics: Comparison of proteins Nucleic acid base composition Nucleic acid hybridization Nucleic acid sequencing
Slide 13 - Figure 6 . Hierarchical arrangement in taxonomy. From Prescott et al. , 2005 Phylogeny of bacteria A prokaryotic species is a collection of strains that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups or strains. A species (genomospecies) is a collection of strains that have a similar G+C composition and 70% or greater similarity as judged by DNA hybridization experiments.
Slide 14 - Woese’s three domain system Figure 7. Tree of life by the three domain system
Slide 15 - Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya From Prescott et al., 2005 Table 2. Comparison of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya Figure 8a. Prokaryotic cell Figure 8b. Eukaryotic cell
Slide 16 - Table 2 cont. Comparison of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
Slide 17 - Eukaryotic cells arouse form prokaryotic cells Figure 9. A schematic representation of the process of endosymbiosis
Slide 18 - Endosymbiotic hypothesis Figure 10. A schematic representation of the process of endosymbiosis
Slide 19 - Phylogeny of bacteria Figure 11. Phylogeny of Bacteria. The tree is based on 16S rRNA comparisons. From Prescott et al., 2005.
Slide 20 - Purpose of the Gram Stain To separate bacteria based upon their cell wall structure and to determine their morphology and possible cellular arrangement Gram-positive cocci in chains Gram-negative rod Figure 12. The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative envelopes.From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 21 - Gram negative vs Gram positive Modified from Prescott et al., 2005 Table 3. Comparison between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Slide 22 - Prokaryotic cell organization Figure 13. A prokaryotic cell
Slide 23 - Size, shape and arrangement Figure 14. Examples of bacterial shapes. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 24 - Size, shape and arrangement Figure 15. Comparison between the size of a human cell, bacteria and viruses. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 25 - From Prescott et al., 2005 Table 4. Prokaryotic structures
Slide 26 - Plasma membrane Figure 16 . Plasma membrane structure. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 27 - Cell wall Figure 17. The cell wall. The Gram+ envelope is from Bacillus licheniformis, and the Gram- micrograph is of Aquaspirillum serpens. M=peptidoglycan or murein layer, OM=outer membrane, PM=plasma membrane, P=periplasmic space, W=Gram+ peptidoglycan wall. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 28 - Gram positive cell walls Figure 18. The Gram-Positive envelope. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 29 - Gram negative cell walls Figure 19. The Gram-Negative envelope. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 30 - Bacterial nucleoid E. coli chromosome growing Figure 20. Some bacterial nucleoids. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 31 - Flagella and motility Figure 21. The ultrastructure of bacterial flagella. Flagellar basal bodies and hooks in (a) gram-negative and (b) gram-positive bacteria. From Prescott et al., 2005
Slide 32 - Flagella and motility Figure 22. The long flagella and the numerous shorter fimbriae on Proteous vulgaris. (a) Monotrichous polar, (b) Lophotricous, (c) Peritrichous. From Prescott et al., 2005
 

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