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Antioxidants University of North Carolina at Wilmington PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide 1 - 1 CHM 585 /490 Chapter 12 Additives
Slide 2 - 2 Chapter 12 Additives Antioxidants UV stabilizers Antistatic Agents Peroxides Lubricants FR Heat stabilizers
Slide 3 - 3 Antioxidants Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of plastics which is initiated when free radicals are created in the polymer by heat, UV, mechanical shear, or metallic impurities
Slide 4 - 4 Antioxidants $160 million in U.S. Hindered phenols Phosphites Thioesters
Slide 5 - 5 Hindered Phenols BHT has FDA approval and is relatively inexpensive But volatile and may cause discoloration
Slide 6 - 6 Less Volatile Hindered Phenols
Slide 7 - 7 Phosphites Often used as costabilizers with hindered phenols
Slide 8 - 8 Thioesters S(CH2CH2CO2R)2 Often used with hindered phenols
Slide 9 - 9 UV Stabilizers $130 Million in U.S. Preferential UV absorbers Absorb preferentially to the polymer and dissipate the absorbed energy without harm to the polymer Quenching Agents Metal chelates that convert the excess energy absorbed to heat
Slide 10 - 10 UV Stabilizers Free Radical Terminators Radical scavengers that both inhibit the propagation of free radicals and act as a scavenger Hydroperoxide Decomposers Metal chelates and hindered amines that prevent the formation of free radicals by stabilizing hydroperoxides
Slide 11 - 11 Preferential UV absorbers
Slide 12 - 12 Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers HALS
Slide 13 - 13 Antistatic Agents Static electricity can build up on the surface of polymers and needs to be dispersed to avoid the possibility of sparking, the accumulation of dust and other complications
Slide 14 - 14 Antistatic Agents Typically hygroscopic chemicals such as ethoxylated amines
Slide 15 - 15 Peroxides For polymerization of PVC LDPE ABS For crosslinking resins As hardeners for unsaturated polyester resins(thermoset polyester)
Slide 16 - 16 Lubricants Internal lubricants to improve flow External to enhance mold release Typically long hydrocarbon chain with a polar end
Slide 17 - 17 Lubricants Fatty acid amides Fatty acid esters Fatty acids Fatty acid salts Waxes
Slide 18 - 18 FR
Slide 19 - 19
Slide 20 - 20
Slide 21 - 21 Flame Retardants Chemicals used to retard ignition and burning of plastics Worldwide market $2.5 Billion FR additives enable plastics to meet various fire safety and performance standards imposed upon them. UL
Slide 22 - 22 FR Mechanisms Absorbing heat by the release of water Forming an insulating char on the substrate which starves the fire Interfering with the chemical reactions that maintain the fire and promote the spread of flame
Slide 23 - 23 Absorbing heat by the release of water Alumina Trihydrate Al2O3.3H20 Largest volume FR in the U.S. 240,000 metric tons ATH used in polyacrylates ( e.g. Dupont’s Corian), thermoset polyester resins, polyolefins and PVC
Slide 24 - 24 Forming an insulating char on the substrate which starves the fire Phosphorous flame retardants Phosphate esters (RO)3PO PVC, Polyurethanes, PPO
Slide 25 - 25 Interfering with the chemical reactions that maintain the fire and promote the spread of flame Halogenated compounds Brominated aromatics most common Nylons, polyesters, styrenics, polyolefins
Slide 26 - 26 Halogenated FR “Free radical capture" process - takes place in the vapor phase. On combustion at a temperature of over 600° F, the halogen forms hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid that reacts with the antimony oxide to form antimony trihalide or antimony oxyhalide. The flame retarding action takes place in the vapor stage above the burning material. It is thought that "free radicals propagate" the flame. Antimony trihalides or antimony oxyhalides act as "free radical traps", and take up free radicals.
Slide 27 - 27 1 + 1 = 3 ! Synergy
Slide 28 - 28 Heat Stabilizers Used for PVC > $200 M business in U.S. Various barium, cadmium, tin compounds that scavenge reactive organic chlorine bonds thereby preventing catastrophic dehydrochlorination
Slide 29 - 29 Fillers Glass fibers Nickel Clay Prevent shrinkage Mica Pigments
Slide 30 - 30 Other Additives Nucleating agents Clarifiers Impact Modifiers Antimicrobial agents