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ANIMALS PowerPoint Presentation

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ANIMALS Presentation Transcript

Slide 1 - ANIMALS Structure and Function
Slide 2 - Unifying Themes in Animal Anatomy and Physiology There is a correlation between form and function. The comparative approach allows us to see how species of diverse evolutionary history and varying complexity solve problems common to all. Animals have the capacity to respond and adjust to to environmental change in two temporal scales. Long term adaptation. Short term – physiologic responses.
Slide 3 - Tisssue Groups of Cells With Common Structures and Functions Four types of tissue Epithelial Connective Nerve Muscle
Slide 4 - Epithelial Form- sheets of tightly packed cells Function – cover the outside of body, line organs and body cavities Categorized by the number and shape of the free surface cells Simple – one layer of cells Stratified – multiple layers of cells Psuedostratified – one layer but appears to be multilayer because cells are different lengths Cell shape – cubodial, columnar or squamous
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Slide 6 - Some Tissues Are Specialized in Absorption or Secretion Some ciliated – lining of respiratory system Some are mucous membranes – line nasal and oral cavity Structure fits forms Example: simple squamous epithelium is leaky and specialized for diffusion
Slide 7 - Connective Tissue Form -characterized by a sparse cell population scattered through an extensive extracellular matrix Function – to bind and support tissue Three types Collagen – tensile strength (resists stretching) Elastic fibers – long thread s of protein Reticular fibers – prolonged to form connections to adjacent tissue
Slide 8 - Types of Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue ( has all three types of fibers) Adipose tissue – fat storage (each cell has one large fat droplet) Fibrous connective tissue- tendons and ligaments
Slide 9 - Types of Connective Tissue Cartilage – skeleton of all vertebrate embryos Bone - mineralized Blood – composed of plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets ( made in the marrow)
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Slide 11 - Nerve Tissue Form – neurons that are specialized to conduct an impulse of bioelectric signal Function – senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another
Slide 12 - Muscle Tissue Form – parallel bundles of microfilaments made of the contractile proteins, actin and mycin Funtion - long excitable cells capable of contraction Most abundant tissue in most animals Three types of muscle
Slide 13 - Types of Muscle Striated – responsible for voluntary movements. Cardiac – forms the contractile wall of heart. Smooth – unstriated and is found in walls of organs and is responsible for involuntary movement.
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Slide 15 - Systems are interdependent: an organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts.
Slide 16 - Animals are hetrotrophs that harvest chemical energy from the food they ingest.
Slide 17 - Animals Have a Range of Metabolic Rates Minimum – support basic life functions Maximal – occur during peak activity Determined by measuring Oxygen used for cellular respiration Heat loss per unit of time Metabolic rate per gram is INVERSELY related to body size among similar animals
Slide 18 - Endotherms Generate own body heat Require more kilocalories than ectotherms Many are homeothermic Bird and mammals BMR 1600-1800 kcal/day – men 1300-1500 kcal./Day-women Ectotherms Acquire most of body heat from environment Include fish, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates SMR (standard metabolic rates) must be determined at a specific temperature
Slide 19 - FUEL MANAGEMENT Monomers of any complex organic molecule can be used for fuel. CH2O and fats are used first. Oxidation of fat liberates 9.5 kcal/gram (twice that of CH2O or protein) Excess food taken in is stored as Glycogen in the liver and muscles Fat in adipose tissue
Slide 20 - When the diet is deficient in calories Glycogen is used first Fat Body protein (results in muscle atrophy and can even result in consumption of brain proteins) Diet must supply carbon and nitrogen necessary for biosynthesis of other organic molecules.
Slide 21 - Essential amino acids are those that must be obtained from the diet. Human adults can synthesis 12 of the 20 amino acids. Protein deficiency results when the diet lacks one or more of the amino acids. Humans can not store amino acids therefore a deficiency results in the retardation of protein synthesis
Slide 22 - Other Essential Nutrients Essential fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids that can not be produced by the body – usually not a problem Vitamins
Slide 23 - Feeding Adaptations Suspension feeders – sift small particles from water Clams, oysters, baleen whales Substrate feeders-live in or on food and eat through it Leaf miners Deposit feeders-ingest partially decayed organic materials with substrate Earthworms Fluid feeders-suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host Tick, aphids, leech, hummingbirds, bees Bulk feeders – eat relatively large pieces of food
Slide 24 - Intracellular – vacuoles Sponge – only intracellular digestion Extracellular – occurs within compartments that are continuous with the outside of the body Simple body plan – gastrovascular cavity Complete digestive track or alimentary canal
Slide 25 - Four Main Stages of Ingestion Digestion Enzymatic digestion cleaves into monomers Mechanical fragmentation Absorption elimination
Slide 26 - Digestive Enzymes
 

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