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Water Resources PowerPoint Presentation

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Water Resources Presentation Transcript

Slide 1 - Water Resources By Jaspinder Singh
Slide 2 - Introduction Goal 6 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes the importance of sustainable management of water. Three-fourth (3/4) of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Only 3% of the earth’s water is fresh water. Ice Caps and Glacier River, lakes and Swamps Ground Water Global demand of the water has been increasing at a rate of 1% Fresh Water 69% 30% 1.3%
Slide 3 - India accounts for about 2.45 % of world’s surface area. About 4% of world’s fresh water is available in India. Union List: Regulations and development of river and river valleys comes under the control of the Central Government. State List: The state governments have full jurisdiction to do water related work such as water supply, irrigation, dams and hydropower. Article 262 of Indian Constitution relates to Inter State Water Disputes. Fresh Water is mainly obtained from surface and ground. Surface Water Resources: The water found on the earth surface. It includes river, lakes, pond, canals etc. Rivers comprise the most important source of surface water. Ground Water Resources: The water that is found below the surface of the earth. It usually passes down through , the soil or the pores in the rocks. Water is a renewable resource.
Slide 4 - Factor Responsible for Water Scarcity It is predicted that by 2025, nearly two billion people will live in absolute water scarcity. 1) Growing Population: Most of our cities are facing the problem due to over population. A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. 2) Commercialization of Agriculture: After the success of Green Revolution, farmers are producing commercial crops. These groups need more water. Tube wells and wells are responsible for falling groundwater levels. Also, food security in future. Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of water.
Slide 5 - Factor Responsible for Water Scarcity 3) Variation in Seasonal and Annual Precipitation: Precipitation(Rain) is the main source of water in India but arrival and departure of monsoon in India is uncertain. Even the distribution of rainfall is uneven. 4) Industrialization : After independence, India experienced intensive industrialisation. Industries use water in a great amount. Also, energy/power which is required to run these industries comes from hydroelectricity. In India, hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22 percent of the total electricity produced. 5) Urbanization: After independence, India experienced intensive urbanisation. Over population means over utilisation of water resources. They also pollute the existing sources of fresh water.
Slide 6 - Factor Responsible for Water Scarcity 6) Over Utilization and Misuse of Water: Some states over use their water resources, such as Punjab and Haryana, which lead to water scarcity. 7) Pollution(Qualitative Factor): Pollution is another water factor which is responsible for the same. Domestic waste and industrial waste are the main factors responsible for pollution of water. Pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture are the other examples. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will ruin this resource and cause ecological crisis.
Slide 7 - Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura (Sri-nga-vera-pura) near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channeling the flood water of the River Ganga.
Slide 8 - Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India During the time of Chandragupta Maurya , dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built. Irrigation works have also been found in the following places: Kalinga (Odisha) Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh) Bennur (Karnataka) Kolhapur (Maharashtra) In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake (Bada Talab , Upper Lake and Bhojtal), one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built. In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.
Slide 9 - Dams Dams were traditionally built to store rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields. Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Hence, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects. Multi-purpose projects, launched after Independence with their integrated water resources management approach as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past.
Slide 10 - Dams Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India because it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards(slow down) the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which or through which it is intended that water will flow either intermittently or continuously.
Slide 11 - Classification of Dams Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height. Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams. According to the height, dams can be categorized as large dams and major dams or alternatively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams.
Slide 12 - The River of Sorrow We have sown the crops in Asar We will bring Bhadu in Bhadra Floods have swollen the Damodar The sailing boats cannot sail Oh! Damodar, we fall at your feet Reduce the floods a little Bhadu will come a year later Let the boats sail on your surface (This popular Bhadu song in the Damodar valley region narrates the troubles faced by people owing to the flooding of Damodar river known as the river of sorrow.) Damodar River is known as The River of Sorrow
Slide 13 - Multipurpose Project Under Scrutiny and Opposition High Cost: The initial cost of building the dams is very high. It requires a lot of capital and engineering skills along with modern machinery which is not available in India. Adverse Impact on Environment: A variety of flora and fauna get submerged/ flooded in the water of reservoir formed bthe dam. Human Settlements get also disturbed. *They have been the cause of Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan. Adverse Effect on the Fertility of the Soil: Due to construction, there are no annual flood in the river. Because of this , the soil of the down stream region does not get nutrient rich ‘silt’. This decreases the fertility of the soil.
Slide 14 - Multipurpose Project Under Scrutiny and Opposition Adverse Impact on Aquatic life Non Availability of Water throughout the Year: Most of the rivers in India flow only for months. So water is not available in the lakes, reservoir etc. Disputes between Different States: This is one of the major causes of delay in many projects. States have dispute over sharing of water and cost of manufacturing. Ex: Krishna-Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh governments Displacement of Local Communities: The building of large dams results in displacement of local communities. The local people often had to give up their land and livelihood. Change in the Cropping Pattern: These projects are responsible for providing assured means of irrigation to farmers. Due to it, farmers have shifted their cropping pattern to water intensive and commercial crops. Fail to Achieve Objective of Flood Control: The big dams have been mostly unsuccessful in controlling floods at t6he time of excessive rainfall. The release of water from dams during heavy rainfall is becoming the main source of flood in many states.
Slide 15 - Different Regions Different Techniques Different regions had developed different techniques to conserve water People of Mountainous region had built diversion channels like the guls and Kuls for agriculture. People living in arid region like Rajasthan , used Rooftop Rainwater harvesting techniques to store drinking water. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
Slide 16 - Water Harvesting Technique In Rajasthan In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room. The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system .The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. Rainwater stored in Tanks is an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up. Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, is considered the purest form of natural water. Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool. In Western Rajasthan, sadly the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline as plenty of water is available due to the perennial Indira Gandhi Canal.
Slide 17 - Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting in Shillong Rooftop Rainwater Rarvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, (Capital of Meghalaya) due to shortage of water. Mawsynram and Cherapunjee are situated at a distance of 55 km. from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rainwater harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 percent of the total water requirement of the household comes fr.om rooftop water harvesting
Slide 18 - Gendathur(Karnataka) Rich in Rainwater Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysuru, Karnataka, villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. From the 200 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00,000 litres.
Slide 19 - Knowledge Booster Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) which is started in 1985 by Medha Patkar that mobilised tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. The Hirakud Project is in the Mahanadi River(Odisha). It is one of the oldest hydel power project of India being the first post independence major multipurpose river project. Bhakra-Nangal Project has been constructed on Satluj River. It is the largest multipurpose project. Salal Dam is built in River Chenab(J and K). Tehri Dam is built on Bhagirathi River (Uttarakhand). It is the world’s highest rock based dam.
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