Tissues PowerPoint Presentation

Slide 1 -

Tissue NAME: VATTIPALLI KARTHIKEYA | CLASS: 9 / XI | SUBJECT: SCIENCE

Slide 2 -

An aggregation of similarly specialized cells which together perform specialized functions are called tissues

Slide 3 -

Cell Tissue

Slide 4 -

ppt slide no 4 content not found

Slide 5 -

ppt slide no 5 content not found

Slide 6 -

Meristematic tissue Meristematic tissues are composed of cells that divide continuously. The cells are spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular The cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose The cells are closely arranged without inter- cellular spaces Cytoplasm is abundant and nuclei are large Vacuoles are absent and if present, very few

Slide 7 -

Classification of Meristems

Slide 8 -

Classification of meristems • 1. Apical meristem Position: At the root tip and shoot tip. Function: To increase in length of the axis. • 2. Lateral meristem Position: On the lateral side of stem and root. Function: To increase in diameter of plant. • 3. Intercalary meristem Position:At the base of the leaf/internodes/ leaf. Function:To increase the length of the plant or its organs.

Slide 9 -

ppt slide no 9 content not found

Slide 10 -

Function of the merestematic tissues • The main function of meristematic tissue is to continuously form a number of new cells and help in growth Forms permanent tissues

Slide 11 -

Permanent tissues When the cells formed by meristematic tissue take up a specific role and lose the ability to divide. As a result, they form a permanent tissue. This process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation. Cells of meristematic tissue differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue.

Slide 12 -

ppt slide no 12 content not found

Slide 13 -

Simple permanent tissue A simple tissue is made up of one type of cells that form a homogeneous or uniform mass. Simple plant tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

Slide 14 -

Parenchyma • Cells are isodiametric i.e. equally expanded on all sides. They may be oval, round, polygonal or elongated. Nucleus is present and hence living. The cell walls are thin and made of cellulose. Cytoplasm is dense with a single large vacuole. Intercellular spaces may be present. May contain chlorophyll. Parenchyma which contain chlorophyll are called chlorenchyma. • • • • • •

Slide 15 -

Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma Types of Parenchyma

Slide 16 -

Occurrence Found in the cortex of root, ground tissue in stems and mesophyll of leaves.

Slide 17 -

Function Store and assimilate food Give mechanical strength by maintaining turgidity Prepare food if chlorophyll is present Store waste products like tanin, gum, crystals and resins

Slide 18 -

Collenchyma • The cells are elongated and are circular, oval or polygonal in cross-section. Cell wall is unevenly thickened with cellulose at the corners against the intercellular spaces. Nucleus is present and hence the tissue is living. Vacuoles are small. Intercellular spaces are generally absent. If they contain chlorophyll they are known as chlorenchyma. • • • • •

Slide 19 -

Occurrence Found under the skin i.e. below the epidermis in dicot stems

Slide 20 -

Function Provide mechanical support to the stem. Being extensible, these cells readily adapt themselves to the rapid elongation of the stem.

Slide 21 -

Sclerenchyma Nature • The cells are long, narrow, thick and lignified, usually pointed at both ends. The cell wall is evenly thickened with lignin and sometimes is so thick that the cell cavity or lumen is absent. Nucleus is absent and hence the tissue is made up of dead cells. They have simple often, oblique pits in the walls. The middle lamella i.e. the wall between adjacent cells is conspicuous. • • • •

Slide 22 -

Occurence • Found abundantly in stems of plants like hemp, jute and coconut. It is present in stems, around vascular plants , in the leaves, hard covering of seeds&nuts Leaf • Monocot stem

Slide 23 -

Function Gives mechanical support to the plant by giving rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to the plant body.

Slide 24 -

Fibres Sclerids The sclerenchyma cells are usually elongated, with tapering ends. Such cells are commonly described as sclerenchyma fibres cells are shorter and irregular in shape. Such cells are commonly described as sclereids or stone cells.

Slide 25 -

Sclerides • Sclereids ( Also known as stone cells or sclerotic cells) Occurrence : Most common in fruits and seeds • • • • A) Structure Cells are short, isodiametric, spherical, oval, t shaped or cylindrical in shape. Usually have thick lignified secondary cell wall. Occur single or in loose groups. • • • B) Functions Protects the plant from stress and strains from environment. Provide mechanical strength and rigidity. Provide grittiness to the pulp of fruits. • •

Slide 26 -

ppt slide no 26 content not found

Slide 27 -

ppt slide no 27 content not found

Slide 28 -

ppt slide no 28 content not found

Slide 29 -

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES These are made of more than one type of cells which combine together to work as a unit. They transport water and food material to various parts of the plant body. They are of two types- xylem and phloem. .

Slide 30 -

Vascular tissues

Slide 31 -

ppt slide no 31 content not found

Slide 32 -

XYLEM This complex tissue helps in the transport of water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots to all the parts of the plant body. It also helps in replacing the water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis.

Slide 33 -

Components of xylem: Tracheids Vessels Xylem parenchyma Xylem fibre

Slide 34 -

PHLOEM • This tissue is found in the vascular plants. Its function is to transport sugars and other food materials from the leaves to the rest of the parts of the plant body. Xylem and Phloem together form the vascular bundle.

Slide 35 -

Components of phloem Sieve tube element Companion cell Phloem parenchyma Phloem fibre

Slide 36 -

Vascular bundle Xylem and Phloem together form the vascular bundle.

Slide 37 -

ppt slide no 37 content not found

Slide 38 -

ppt slide no 38 content not found

Slide 39 -

VASCULAR BUNDLES IN PLANT ORGANS

Slide 40 -

Monocot root Dicot root

Slide 41 -

DICOT STEM Monocot stem

Slide 42 -

Animal tissues

Slide 43 -

ppt slide no 43 content not found

Slide 44 -

ppt slide no 44 content not found

Slide 45 -

Different tissues in stomach

Slide 46 -

Tissue Types Although our body parts are diverse in both structure and function, they are all constructed from four basic tissue types: Epithelial tissue: Covers the body, lines the cavities of the body and composes the glands. Connective tissue: Connects and supports the structures of the body, providing structural support and binding organs together. Muscular tissue: Has the unique capability to contract or shorten, provides movement and heat for the body. Nervous tissue: Composed of specialized cells that respond to the environment by detecting, processing and coordinating information • • • • •

Slide 47 -

ppt slide no 47 content not found

Slide 48 -

Classification of animal tissues Epethelial tissues Squamosal cuboidal Columnar stratified Muscular tissues Connective tissues cartilage Bone Tendon Ligament Blood Adipose Areolar Nervous tissue striated muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles

Slide 49 -

ppt slide no 49 content not found

Slide 50 -

ppt slide no 50 content not found

Slide 51 -

The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are called epithelial tissues

Slide 52 -

Characters of epithelial tissues 1. cells are tightly packed without intercellular spaces 2.epethelium is usually separated from the underlying tissue by an extra cellular fibrous basement membrane BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Slide 53 -

Epethelial tissues • Different epithelia show differing structures that correlate with their unique functions. For example, in cells lining blood vessels or lung alveoli, where transportation of substances occurs through a selectively permeable surface, there is a simple flat kind of epithelium. This is called the simple squamosal epethelium Where absorption and secretion occur, as in the inner lining of the intestine, tall epithelial cells are present. This columnar (meaning ‘pillar-like’) epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides mechanical support. • • •

Slide 54 -

CHARECTERS OF SQUAMOSAL EPETHELIUM Cells are thin & flat & form a delicate lining Cells are like tiles on the floor

Slide 55 -

Squasomal epethelial tissue

Slide 56 -

Location of squamosal epethelium 1.Inner lining of blood vessels 2. Inner lining of lung alveoli 3,Inner lining of mouth 4.Inner lining of oesophagus

Slide 57 -

SQUAMOSAL EPETHELIUM

Slide 58 -

Squamosal epethelium

Slide 59 -

Cells are cube shaped

Slide 60 -

LOCATION OF CUBOIDAL EPETHELIUM 1. LINING OF KIDNEY TUBULE LINING OF DUCTS OF SALIVARY GLANDS

Slide 61 -

ppt slide no 61 content not found

Slide 62 -

COLUMNAR EPETHELIUM It has tall epithelial cells. Cells may have celia or without celia

Slide 63 -

Simple columnar epithelium without Celia Simple columnar epithelium with Celia

Slide 64 -

ppt slide no 64 content not found

Slide 65 -

LOCATION OF COLUMNAR EPETHELIUM 1.Innerlining of the respiratory tract Celia pushes the mucus forward to clear the respiratory tract

Slide 66 -

2. Interlining of the oviduct Celia push the zygote towards the uterus

Slide 67 -

The skin, which protects the body, is also made of squamous epithelium. Skin epithelial cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear. Since they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium.

Slide 68 -

Location of stratified epethelium Skin

Slide 69 -

Oesophagus

Slide 70 -

ppt slide no 70 content not found

Slide 71 -

ppt slide no 71 content not found

Slide 72 -

ppt slide no 72 content not found

Slide 73 -

ppt slide no 73 content not found

Slide 74 -

Connective tissues cartilage Bone Tendon 4.Blood 5.Ligament 6.Adipose 7.Areolar

Slide 75 -

Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets are suspended. The plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of the body.

Slide 76 -

Different types of blood cells

Slide 77 -

Bone It is a strong and nonflexible tissue Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds Bone cells are called Osteocytes

Slide 78 -

Functions of bone It forms the framework that supports the body. It also anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the body.

Slide 79 -

Cartilage • • It has widely spaced cells. The solid matrix is composed of proteins and sugars. Cells are called chondrocytes •

Slide 80 -

Between the bones at the joints.It smoothens bone surfaces at joints in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx.

Slide 81 -

Areolar tissue • It consists of a jelly-like matrix in which there are several kinds of cells and interlacing bundles of fibers. The fibers are of two kinds, white and yellow. The white fibers are very resistant to stretching but the yellow fibers can be stretched and are called yellow elastic fibers. Some of the cells are able to consume and destroy germs and so play a valuable part in the body's defensive system against disease. • •

Slide 82 -

Areolar tissue-Location Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues.

Slide 83 -

Adipose tissue • Adipose Tissue is a loose fibrous connective tissue packed with many cells (called "adipocytes") that are specialized for storage of triglycerides more commonly referred to as "fats". Each adipocyte cell is filled with a single large droplet of triglyceride (fat). As this occupies most of the volume of the cell, its cytoplasm, nucleus, and other components are pushed towards the edges of the cell - which is bounded by the plasma membrane •

Slide 84 -

Adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs. Adipose tissue -location

Slide 85 -

FUNTIONS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE 1. Storage of fat 2. Acts as insulator (prevents the heat loss from the body)

Slide 86 -

Tendon • Tendons connect muscles to bone

Slide 87 -

Ligament Ligaments connect bone to bone

Slide 88 -

ppt slide no 88 content not found

Slide 89 -

Muscular tissue • Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells,also called muscle fibres. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body. Muscles contain special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement •

Slide 90 -

ppt slide no 90 content not found

Slide 91 -

Characters of striated muscles 1. Cylindrical, unbranched 2. Striations 3. Many nuclei 4. Attached to bones (skeletal muscles) 5. Voluntory muscles(under our control)

Slide 92 -

CONTRACTILE PROTEINS

Slide 93 -

Characters of smooth muscles 1.Unbranched, spindle shaped 2. No strations( Unstraite d muscle) 3.single nucleus 4. Involuntary muscle 5. Found in the walls of the visceral organs

Slide 94 -

Cardiac muscle 1.Branched, cylindrical Straiations are there, but they are not prominent 3.Many nuclei 4. Involuntary muscle 5.Found in the walls of heart

Slide 95 -

ppt slide no 95 content not found

Slide 96 -

Location of the different types of muscles

Slide 97 -

Nervous tissue • All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli However, cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of the nervous tissue. The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons. •

Slide 98 -

Structure of the neuron • • Cell body – main part Dendrite – receives action • potential (stimulation) from other neurons Axon – branches from cell body, where the action • potential occurs Axon terminal – end of an axon • Myelin sheath – lipid layer for protection over neurons • Nodes of Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath

Slide 99 -

Types of tissues & their location

Slide 100 -

THANK YOU