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Slide 1 - Only in GOD We believe 2/10/2019 1
Slide 2 - REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS By: A . Qorani 2/10/2019 2
Slide 3 - 1:Introduction to PCR 2:Advantages & disadvantages 3:Real Time PCR 4:Detection of products 5:Function in medicine 6:Conclusion 7:Reference Outline 2/10/2019 3 2/10/2019 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 4 - Introduction to PCR PCR was invented in 1984 by ( Kary mullis ) & he received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1993, for his invention.(1) It revolutionized biological methods specially in molecular cloning in a way that it has became an inseparable & irreplaceable part of molecular investigations. 2/10/2019 4 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 5 - more… There is three basic steps which are in common with all type of PCR Thermal denaturation : In this step DNAs are denatured mostly by temprature about 94˚c & single stranded DNAs are made. ( in some cases It’s done by helicase ) Primer annealing : In this step Primers are attached to ssDNA by their complementary regions. Extension or polymerization : This is done by a temprature resistance polymerase named Taq polymerase which is extracted from Thermus aquaticus. 2/10/2019 5 Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Introduction
Slide 6 - PCR phases Exponential If 100% efficiency – exact doubling of products. Specific and precise Linear High variability. Reaction components are being consumed and PCR products are starting to degrade. Plateau End-point analysis. The reaction has stopped and if left for long – degradation of PCR products. 2/10/2019 6 more… Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Introduction Exponential Linear Plateau
Slide 7 - Things which are needed for PCR(1) Template DNA that is going to be amplified.this DNA must be pure & all other contaminations like RNAs must be removed by RNase. Primers (forward & reverse )which are attached to their complementary sequence in 3´ of each strand. Taq or any other polymerase which must have activity in high temprature. dNTPs which are the main substances in DNA composition. Buffer which makes a perfect condition to process. Cations that are essential for polymerase activity. 2/10/2019 7 more… Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Introduction Contaminations like RNAs must be removed by RNase.
Slide 8 - Advantages & disadvantages * The most accurate & feasible technique to determine the amount & concentration of products. * Rapid cycling (30 minutes to 2 hours). * Specific & sensitive. * Not much more expensive. * * * * * * Pollution. * Poor precision. * Hard to get quantitative data. 2/10/2019 8 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 9 - Real Time PCR The perfect standard does not exist. Quantitative Real-Time PCR is an important technique for quantifying messenger RNA levels (gene expression) and DNA gene levels (copy number) in biological samples.(1) Additional benefits of Real-Time quantitative PCR include sensitivity and a wide dynamic range. As few as 10 copies of an RNA/DNA target can be detected with linearity of detection greater than six orders of magnitude. Considered to be the most sensitive method for the detection and quantification of gene expression 2/10/2019 9 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 10 - 2/10/2019 10 The Basic of Real time PCR Baseline – The baseline phase contains all the amplification that is below the level of detection of the real time instrument. Threshold – where the threshold and the amplification plot intersect defines CT. Can be set manually/automatically CT – (cycle threshold) the cycle number where the fluorescence passes the threshold Rn – (Rn-baseline) NTC – no template control DRn is plotted against cycle numbers to produce the amplification curves and gives the CT value. Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference Real Time PCR REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Log fluorescence (Rn)
Slide 11 - 2/10/2019 11 Using the PCR Equation Xn = X0(1 + E)n Xn =PCR product after cycle n X0 =initial copy number E =amplification efficiency n =cycle number Xn X0 cycle number A Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference Real Time PCR A difference of 0.1 in amplification efficiency create a five-fold difference in the final ratio of PCR products after 30 cycles. Xn = X0(1+E)n Case 1: E = 0.9 Case 2: E = 0.8 Xn = 100 (1+0.9)30 Xn = 100 (1+0.8)30 Xn = 2.3 x 1010 Xn = 4.6 x 109 REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 12 - 2/10/2019 12 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference Instruments, Accessories and Software 1 ) Light Cycler® Relative Quantification Software The first commercially available software was the Light Cycler® Relative Quantification Software (2001). 2 ) REST In 2002, the relative expression software tool (REST ) was established as a new tool. 3 ) Q-Gene Recently a second software tool, Q-Gene, was developed, which is able to perform a statistical test of the real-time data.Q-Gene manages and expedites the planning, performance and evaluation of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. 4 ) qBASE QBASE is an Excel®-based tool for the management and automatic analysis of real-time quantitative PCR data. REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 13 - 2/10/2019 13 5 ) SoFAR The algorithms implemented in SoFAR (distributed by Metralabs) allow fully automatic analysis of real-time PCR data obtained with a Roch LightCycler® (Roche Diagnostics) instrument. The software yields results with considerably increased precision and accuracy of real-time quantification. 6 ) DART-PCR DART-PCR (Data Analysis for Real-Time PCR) provides a simple means of analyzing real-time PCR data from raw fluorescence data.This allows an automatic calculation of amplification kinetics, as well as performing the subsequent calculations for the relative quantification and calculation of assay variability. more… Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference Real Time PCR REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 14 - Real time PCR in comparison with other technical methods Less time to getting results 2/10/2019 14 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Real Time PCR
Slide 15 - Real time PCR is the most accurate method to detect(2) : Copy number of each gene Amount of gene expression Efficiency of drugs Virus infection Different type of Pathogens ( CMV, streptococcus, mycobacterium,HIV & … ) Methylation of DNA Different type of mutations Adverse effect of organ transplantation & … 2/10/2019 15 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Real Time PCR
Slide 16 - Uses fluorescence as a reporter by Three general methods : 1. Hydrolysis probes (TaqMan, Beacons, Scorpions) 2. Hybridization probes (Light Cycler) most accurate & specific. 3. DNA-binding agents (SYBR Green)less accuracy. Detection in real time PCR 2/10/2019 16 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 17 - * DNA binding dye * Binds to minor groove (dsDNA) * Emits light when bound More double stranded DNA = more binding = more fluorescence * Forensically, can be used to calculate how much DNA was present before reaction. * Unspecific * Dissociation curve SYBR® green 2/10/2019 17 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 18 - Dissociation curve Fluorescence decrease as the temperature increase: DNA strands start to separate SYBR green looses its binding to the DNA Fluorescence decreases The melting temperature of the amplicon can easily be detected Contaminating DNA, primer dimer or false priming is seen as an additional peak. This curve lets us to detect non-specific products. 2/10/2019 18 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 19 - 2/10/2019 19 1) 2) 3) 1) Denaturation and hybridization of probe. 2) Extension of primer and strand displacement of probe. 3) Cleavage of probe and fluorescence from the reporter dye. Fluorescence from reporter dye is directly proportional to the number of amplicons generated REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference Taqman
Slide 20 - 2/10/2019 20 Molecular Beacons MIDLAND is licensed by The Public Health Research Institute of New York, Inc. to manufacture and sell Molecular Beacon Probes. These probes, first described by Dr. Fred Russell Kramer and his colleagues, make possible the in situ visual detection of target DNA, and they also enable real-time PCR quantitation. Use of different fluorophores coupled with careful design of the probes permits distinguishing between sequences differing by as little as one base. Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS A transmission and then the fluorescent images of a PtK2 cell inject with a ß-1 andrenergic mRNA MB at 3-minute intervals for 18 minutes.
Slide 21 - 2/10/2019 21 Hybridization probes technique Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference Two oligo probes bearing a single dye each, one with a fluorescein dye at the 3’ end and the other with a rhodamine dye at the 5’ end. When the two oligos anneal to a complementary template, the fluorescein dye is excited by the light source in the instrument and transfers its energy to the rhodamine dye via FRET. FRET can only occur when the two dyes are in close proximity.The instrument is set to detect the rhodamime signal. This results in the emission of fluorescence, which subsequently can be detected during the annealing phase and first part of the extension phase of the PCR reaction. After each subsequent PCR cycle more hybridization probes can anneal, resulting in higher fluorescence signals. REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 22 - 2/10/2019 22 Real Time PCR in Diagnosis *Quantitatively measurment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). *Detection of Thalassemia, hemophilia,Sickle cell anemia & favism by real time PCR. *Cystic fibrosis. *Phenyl ketonuria. *Use in forensic medicine. *Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis by Analysis of Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma. *Detection and Quantitation of Circulating Plasmodium falciparum DNA. *Effect of antimicrobial peptides on host cells & … Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 23 - 2/10/2019 23 Quantitatively measurment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Nowadays HIV is strikingly spreading out whole the world. so in order to diminish its distribution , it is necessary to detect it as soon as possible & for this purpose, Real time PCR is recommended by scientist. In this method ,’ pol’’ gen of the virus, is amplified in thermocycler. 26 patient have been studied. infection in these patients was confirmed by ELISA & western blot. Then what was done? Sampling & RNA extracting from patients. Cloning of target segment by using Xba I & Hind III. And 180 bp primers. Standard virus mRNA was extracted. Quantitative analysis of HIV virus by SYBR-green Real Time RT-PCR.(3,4,5) Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference 0.34 o.29 0.24 0.19 0.14 0.09 0.04 -0.01 0 10 20 30 40 180 bp marker cycle Flu - control product REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 24 - 2/10/2019 24 Detection of unknown deleted genes in Thalassemia Thalassemia is the most commonplace hemoglobin disorder which is caused by deletion of one or both globin genes. By the way deletion or any other change can be detected quantitatively by real time PCR in a real time, we can determine the sort of deletion. Alpha thalassemia is caused mostly by whole gene deletion but beta is by piont mutation. 60 patients were under study.(6,7,8) Primer for deleted genes were designed using Primer Express soft ware & its sequence confirmed in NCBI/BLAST data bank. after PCR any changes was detected. Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection Conclusion Reference Real Time PCR in medicine Peripheral blood findings and molecular evidence for loss of the telomeric region of chromosome 16p in a patient with acquired hemoglobin H and myelodysplastic syndrome. Wright-Giemsa–stained peripheral blood smear demonstrates severe anisopoikilocytosis. (B) Brilliant cresyl blue stain reveals with classical HbH inclusions . (C) Metaphase spread and 2 interphase nuclei. (D) Southern blot of the 3 hypervariable region in the alpha-globin cluster REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 25 - 2/10/2019 25 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited disease among Caucasian populations with an incidence of ~1 in 2500 births.(9) Couples in which both individuals carry a mutant copy of the CF gene have a one in four chance of having an affected child.The conditions caused by these mutations range from mild to lifethreatening. A3 base pair (bp) deletion, designated DF508, accounts for nearly 70% of CF cases and causes severe manifestations of the disease. It results in the absence of phenylalanine at position 508 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein and this error prevents normal processing and translocation of the polypeptide chain to apical membranes of epithelial cells.This deletion can be detected by molecular beacons in real time PCR. Cystic fibrosis Figure 1. Examples of specific molecular beacon fluorescence increase during real-time PCR in samples containing single lymphoblasts homozygous normal for CF (green), heterozygous DF508 (blue), or homozygous DF508 (red). (A) Fluorescent signal from the molecular beacon detecting the normal allele. (B) Fluorescent signal from the molecular beacon detecting the DF508 allele. Dashed lines indicate the threshold of 200 units (~10 SD above baseline readings) used for determining CT values. Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 26 - 2/10/2019 26 Improving our understanding of the biology of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite is of extreme importance if we are to combat human malaria.This parasite uses the process of antigenic variation to expose the human immune system to continually changing antigens on the surface of infected red blood cells. Real-time PCR assays have the potential to detect low levels of parasitemia, identify mixed infections, and allow for precise differentiation of species via melting curve analysis.(10,11) Plasmodium detection was performed by using real-time PCR in the Light Cycler. The 18S rRNA gene was chosen as the target since it contains both highly conserved and variable regions, and at least five copies of the gene are dispersed on separate chromosomes of the Plasmodium genome. Consensus primers were designed after comparing several partial 18S rRNA gene sequences for each of four Plasmodium species. Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection Conclusion Reference Real Time PCR in medicine Plasmodium falciparum FIG. Representative singleplex 18S rRNA gene (Plasmodium genus-specific) PCR fluorescence-versus-cycle curves for three clinical samples with various parasitemias as determined by microscopy. FIG. Real-time amplification with SYBR Green fluorescence detection. The plasmid controls for four species, water blank, and negative human control DNA are indicated. The remaining curves are patient specimens with various parasitemia levels. FIG. Melting curve analysis: DNA isolated from blood of monkeys infected with either P. malariae or P. vivax (ATCC) and purified P. falciparum genomic DNA . REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 27 - 2/10/2019 27 Detection of Anti-inflammatory effects of peptides Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection Conclusion Reference Real Time PCR in medicine REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS The epithelium lining the airways is the first tissue to encounter pathogens and their products; it is therefore, critical to the innate immune system and is the front line of the host defence against invading microorganisms. Some peptides which are classified in an antimicrobial group , can have an effect on immune system ,for example Intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) is expressed at a low level in a subpopulation of haematopoietic cells, vascular endothelium, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. However, its expression is dramatically increased at sites of inflammation, providing an important means of regulating cell–cell interaction and thereby inflammatory responses. Increase in Expression of 1(ICAM-1) will be lowered due to the effect of antimicrobial peptide & this can be detected by Real time PCR using SYBR Green.(12)
Slide 28 - 2/10/2019 28 Real time PCR in forensic medicine Introduction Advantage disadvantages Product Detection Conclusion Reference Real Time PCR in medicine The main task in The Forensic Medicine is to investigate deaths from unnatural causes. Forensic science has embraced the use of DNA molecular biology tools for diagnostic purposes more than any other scientific field. The process of routine forensic human identification involves sensitive PCR and can be performed successfully on most evidence materials found at a crime scene. This real-time technology monitors the accumulation of PCR product with each cycle and allows assessment of each sample individually during the exponential growth phase.quantification assay has proven to be highly sensitive,specific,rapid, cost-effective and flexible assay for analysis of forensic casework samples. REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS DNA tests performed by a U.S. laboratory have proved that bone fragments exhumed in the Ural Mountains in 2007 belong to two children of Russia's last czar.
Slide 29 - Some kites to detection of pathogens by Real Time PCR Adenoviruses different type Bordetella pertussis Herpsvirus (Bovine & Human all type ) Leukemia virus Klebsiella pneumoniae Influenza A virus Helicobacter pylori Hepatitis virus ( A,B,C,Delta ) HIV ( type1&2 ) Leishmania Neisseria meningitidis Respiratory Syncytial virus Shigella Streptococcus & … 2/10/2019 29 Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS
Slide 30 - 2/10/2019 30 Conclusion Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS PCR has proved to be a useful tool in research and diagnosis. However, its use has also brought new challenges to research. The sensitivity found in PCR technology and the availability of quantitative results will bring new problems to the interpretation of these results. A great deal of work is needed to generate a basis of knowledge for correct interpretation of these tests. In medicine, PCR-based diagnostics are just becoming widely used and because of the increased cost-effectiveness of the newer assays, knowledge for their interpretation will soon become available.
Slide 31 - 2/10/2019 31 http://www.oligos.com/MolecularBeaconProbes.htm 1) Real time PCR By M. Tevfik Dorak (Ed.). ISBN 0–203–96731–3 Master e-book 2) Clinical Applications of PCRSEECOND EDIITIION Edited by :Y. M. Dennis Lo, Rossa W. K. Chiu & K. C. Allen Chan 3) JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 2005, p. 2435–2440 4) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75(2), 2006, pp. 212–218 Copyright © 2006 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 5) Using Real Time RT-PCR in quantitatively measurment of HIV-1 6) [Cooley's Anemia, Mediterranean Anemia. Includes: Thalassemia Major (Beta-Thalassemia Major), Thalassemia Intermedia,Thalassemia Minor (Beta-Thalassemia Minor, Heterozygous Beta-Thalassemia)] 7) Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Deletion Carriers in Hemophilia. 8) Detection of unknown deleted genes in alpha-Thalassemia by real time pcr. (Pasteur Institute of Iran) 9) Detection of cystic ®brosis alleles from single cells using molecular beacons and a novel method of asymmetric real-time PCR 10) Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Plasmodium Falciparum 11) Real-Time PCR for Detection and Identification of Plasmodium spp Introduction Advantage disadvantages Real Time PCR Product Detection in medicine Conclusion Reference REAL TIME PCR & IT’S FUNCTIONS IN DIAGNOSIS Reference
Slide 32 - 2/10/2019 32
Slide 33 - This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com Is home to well over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This a free site. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching
 

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